Centrifuges come in various types, each designed for specific applications and speed requirements. Based on their rotational speed, they can be categorized into low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges. Low-speed centrifuges operate below 6,000 rpm, while high-speed ones range up to 25,000 rpm. Ultracentrifuges exceed 30,000 rpm, making them ideal for advanced molecular biology applications. Additionally, centrifuges can be classified by temperature control: refrigerated models maintain temperatures as low as -20°C, while standard ones lack cooling systems. Depending on their use, they can also be divided into analytical and preparative centrifuges.
In laboratory settings, common electric centrifuges include low-speed and high-speed models, both with and without refrigeration. Dual-purpose refrigerated centrifuges are often used for both analysis and preparation. Among these, low-speed (including large-capacity) and high-speed refrigerated centrifuges are the most widely used, serving as essential tools in biochemical labs for isolating biomolecules.
1. **Standard (Non-refrigerated) Centrifuge**
This type is simple in design and available in benchtop or floor-standing models. It typically includes a motor, speed controller, timer, and is easy to operate. Low-speed versions usually run at less than 4,000 rpm, while high-speed benchtop models can reach up to 18,000 rpm.
2. **Low-Speed Refrigerated Centrifuge**
These units operate at speeds not exceeding 4,000 rpm and have a maximum capacity of 2–4 liters. They are commonly used in labs to isolate biological macromolecules and precipitates. The rotor options include swinging bucket and fixed-angle types, with compatible tubes made from materials like aluminum, glass, polyethylene, and stainless steel. These centrifuges feature a motor, timer, speed regulator, and a refrigeration system that allows temperature control between -20°C and +40°C.
3. **High-Speed Refrigerated Centrifuge**
With speeds over 20,000 rpm, these centrifuges are used for separating microorganisms, cell debris, organelles, and precipitates. Their angle rotors are typically made from titanium or aluminum alloys, and the tubes are sealed polyethylene containers. These machines combine the features of low-speed refrigerated models with enhanced performance for more demanding applications.
4. **Ultracentrifuge**
Operating at 30,000 rpm or higher, ultracentrifuges are used for subcellular fractionation and measuring the molecular weight of proteins and nucleic acids. Their rotors are constructed from high-strength titanium alloys and can be interchanged based on speed and application needs. They use either direct-drive motors or gearboxes for speed increase. To manage heat during high-speed operation, they are equipped with cooling systems (air or water-cooled), speed limiters, chronographs, and recording devices. An evacuation system is also included for optimal performance.
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