The development of Chinese furniture to the Ming Dynasty has become more complete in fulfilling the functions of people's daily indoor behaviors. The variety styles are more abundant, and furniture matching with halls, bedrooms, dens, gardens, etc. has appeared. Ming Dynasty furniture is known for its simplicity, elegance and elegance.
The social economy in the late Ming Dynasty in China has already seen the germination of capitalism in many aspects, and the history of the relationship between the world and the East has also opened a new chapter. Since the fifteenth century, the exploration activities of European countries have continued for more than two centuries. The discovery of the new route has brought great influence to European social and economic life. The expansion of the world market has led to a rapid increase in the circulation of goods. China's tea, porcelain, silk and paint have also become important commodities in international trade. Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom have monopolized the East Asian market, and the growth in the number of goods imported from China to Europe is staggering. For the European society at that time, China was so bizarre and full of temptations, it constantly inspired European delusions. Publications and books on Chinese content are extremely popular, and people are eager to understand and own Chinese goods. Chinese furniture has lost to Europe in the sixteenth century. The Portuguese missionary, Kroz, came to Guangzhou in the 35th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1556), and later described the streets and business conditions in Guangzhou in his memoirs. He said that many craftsmen are working for export trade, and the export products are rich and colorful, including hardwood furniture such as writing desks, tables, chairs and beds. Portugal was once the hegemon of East and West trade. They set off from Lisbon, brought European industrial products, traded in various ports along the way, and finally came to Macao, China, “full of gold, glutinous rice, musk, pearls, ivory products, fine wood, lacquerware and pottery and returned to Europe†. A large number of export commodities are brought together from all over the country. Guangzhou naturally becomes an important export production place, and the furniture industry is also quite developed. In the seventeenth century, French upper-class society had used Chinese furniture extensively. There are records of Chinese furniture on the property list of the court and the noble residence. It is said that when the long brother of the King of France in 1689 issued the lottery, he used Chinese furniture as one of the prizes. It can be said with certainty that the Chinese furniture that entered Europe at the time was the traditional Chinese style and decoration technique. The Europeans later also had counterfeit, which can be proved by the use of the term "Chinese furniture" in the region of France.
In the eighteenth century, the industrial revolution took place in Europe. Social politics and major changes in the economic environment have brought about a new trend in social life. The strictness, stereotype, and sluggishness of the feudal rule were broken. The bondage of religion has relaxed, and then there has been a pursuit of ease, freedom, and indulgence in all personnel behavior. This is the “Rococo†style that has become popular in Europe and then in American society after the popular “Baroque†fashion in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. This fashion originated from the French mainland. Rococo originated from the French word "Rocailie", meaning "rock decoration" or "shell decoration". (In the history of Western art, everything that is influenced by China is known. "Locke", because according to their perception, Chinese things are gorgeous and illusory like shells. Rococo is a social sentiment, which is expressed in the material preferences of slender, flickering, and beautiful lines. China's plain and elegant glazed porcelain, elegant and silky silky satin, fragrant fragrant tea and Schumann's natural flower and bird patterns all cater to this kind of good. The hedonistic outlook on life and the intimacy of social life make people pay great attention to the behavioral environment, that is, the decoration inside the building. They have exerted infinite imagination and skill, in order to create a space of gorgeous joy. Therefore, lively flowing curves, curved surfaces and unbalanced patterns of flowers and birds make Rococo's feelings vent. The French first took inspiration from it, breaking the past decoration style that focused on law and order, and the geometric lines. The ubiquitous curve interest immediately became popular in Europe and its overseas territories. At that time, people liked to decorate round and polygonal salons (living rooms). They combined carvings, paintings, furniture, mirrors, etc., creating an infinitely expanding and ambiguous environment.
The Hohenzollern Museum in Berlin (formerly Montjuic Palace) has an old guide book that records the collections of Chinese artifacts, ornaments and treasures in the eighteenth century. Twenty-four of them are "porcelain showrooms, carved Purple lacquered wood" (Chinese furniture made of rosewood in purple lacquer wood). The ancient lacquer hall and the Mirio Jim Hall in the Schabrung Palace in Austria are typical of Chinese-style decorations in the 18th century Rococo style. There are black lacquered landscape paintings in the ancient lacquer hall. The walls of the Jim Hall are all covered in rosewood, which is repeatedly decorated with golden shells and plant patterns. The decorative frame is inlaid with many meticulous paintings on parchment. In addition, in the Louisbourg Palace in Champaign, France, the mirror room and porcelain room of the old palace in Munich, Germany, the Aranjus Palace in Spain, and the porcelain cabinets in the ordinary Dutch family, you can see the 18th century Western society to China. The frenzy of things. China's goods are endlessly exported to Europe, such as porcelain plates that resemble black gold, "embroidered silver threads in blue satin, such as porcelain and silver", and Chinese "dragon-like" clothing. There were bathrooms, dance halls, coffee shops with the word "China", maids dressed in Chinese clothes, Chinese otters, gazebos, roofs, depicting Chinese drama and literary works. In short, "Chinese style" and "Chinese goods" can be said to be ubiquitous in European social life. The Chinese Empire has become the subject of special research in Western academic circles. Before the background of European economic and cultural culture in the eighteenth century, the artistic life of Europeans began to change from court to folk, from church to world, from idealization to individuality. In this transformation process, the furniture that is required to be one of the elements of the indoor space environment also has a strong Rococo curve interest. Their enthusiasm for the style of Chinese furniture in the past has diminished, and only the “newly improved instruments for Europeans to be used are generally used.†The style of “investing in European requirements†is the same as that of architecture and interior decoration. The graceful and graceful curve of free change prevails. This is the standard for the furniture of Rococo era. Furniture plays an important role in Rococo fashion, and it can be imagined that this situation is irritating to Chinese furniture manufacturing. For commercial purposes, the Chinese also want to cater to this "universal use" requirement anyway. Since then, in the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry, a new genre has emerged, which is the birth of the cultural exchange between the East and the West in the 18th century. Europeans have found their spiritual support in the Rococo era in Chinese culture, and they hope to get more and more perfect expression of this kind of emotion from China. At the same time, the gorgeous Rococo art has also been admired by China. By.
The eighteenth century is equivalent to the three generations of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty in China. The feudal social economy reached its peak. After the opening of the new route of the East and the West, China’s foreign trade volume has increased year by year, and most of its exports have been exported through Guangzhou. Despite the restrictions imposed by the Chinese government, European and American businessmen are still coming to China in large numbers due to the huge profits from trade with China. Trade is two-way. The western advanced science and technology, culture and art, and craft products that have been exported to China are fascinating and fascinating, and they strongly impact the traditional lifestyle and traditional concepts of the Chinese. The wave of the "West Wind" eastward is no different from the "Dongfeng" that year, and the people who are in the upper ranks have become obsessed. Since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there have always been Western priests in the Qintianjian and the founding office. Western glassware, urns, tapestries, clocks, and dolls are all things that Wang Gong’s parents are eager to seek, and European decorations appear in the Qing Palace. And furniture. In the "Gui Li Jian Gu Tu" in the Palace Museum of Beijing, you can see that the interior of the Bolong Emperor's residence is a combination of Chinese and Western furniture. The bottle-shaped one-legged round table is full of Western style. The upward trend will be effective, and a large number of exports and increasing domestic demand will rapidly develop new foreign companies in the traditional Chinese furniture manufacturing industry. Because its main producing area is in Guangzhou, the style of the furniture is also known as "Guangzhou style furniture." This is also the reason why people trace the origin of Cantonese furniture to the era of the dry.
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