Printing > Section 2 Map Printing
The map is a kind of special print. It has a very important role in the country's economy, national defense, culture, and education. It is for this reason that successive governments have attached great importance to the compilation, printing, and publishing of maps.
In the 28th year of Qing Emperor Guangxu (1902), the Qing government established the Army Surveying and Mapping Academy under the Military Advisory Office and set up mapping, platemaking, and printing classes. Since then, it has created a precedent for China to come forward from the government and use modern printing techniques to print maps.
After the success of the Revolution of 1911, the government of the Republic of China took over the military surveying and mapping school of the Imperial Army and moved to Nanjing in 1931, renamed the "Central Land Surveying School." Coincidentally, the advocator and publisher of the book, Mr. Li Xingcai, attended the school in the early 1940s.
After 1949, with the progress of national economic construction and national defense construction, in order to meet the needs of all parties faced with maps, the departments of surveying, mapping, printing, and publishing related to maps have been established, creating a new era of map mapping, printing, and publishing in China. .
Modern map printing is based on the disciplines of optics, color science, applied chemistry, macromolecules, materials science, photography, electronics, and information science. It belongs to the category of publishing and printing, but it also has its own characteristics and requirements. Map printing is the copying of different types of map manuscripts through different printing methods and techniques, and reproducing a large number of maps of various forms that are more beautiful and legible than the originals. China's modern printed maps mainly use lithographic printing. With the development of modern science and technology, map printing has applied many new technologies, new techniques and new materials; electronic technologies have been applied to map mapping, digital maps and map databases have emerged, and new topics have been proposed for map printing and copying.
Printing features> First, the characteristics of map printing
Comparing the printing of maps with other printed materials, it has its own characteristics, mainly including:
1. The size of the large-format map of the printing format, as stipulated in the specifications, or specified in the map compilation design, cannot be arbitrarily divided. The general topographic maps are divided by latitude and longitude according to the specifications. The map outline size is about 60 cm×44 cm, including the outline decoration, and the printing size reaches 75 cm×54 cm; the wall chart is larger and some use a few sheets. More than a dozen pieces of paper are spliced ​​together. For example, 1:2.5 million "Full Photographs of China" is composed of 9 pieces of paper, which is a feature not found in other printed materials.
2. Copy accuracy requirements High map applications sometimes need to obtain data through topographic maps or other maps by means of measurements. Therefore, the size of map maps during replication and after copying must be within the allowable error range. Lines and symbols conform to the specifications. The legend or design stipulates that the content between two adjacent figures must be correctly spliced, and the geometric accuracy of the map cannot be affected by printing.
3. The color maps made of monochromatic manuscripts are printed on the maps. The vast majority of the maps provided for publication and printing are monochrome manuscripts. During the printing process, the color maps provided are referenced and the plates are printed into color maps. Therefore, Copying, separation, revision, and platemaking processes add many difficulties.
4. Although the color map for printing has a single color, it is inconvenient to use, and most of them are now printed in color. Prior to 1964, large-scale topographic map schemas stipulated printing with black, brown, dark blue, medium blue, light blue, orange, earth yellow, and green 8 colors; after 1964, black, brown, blue, and green four-color printing was specified. The national standard specifies that the 1:500,000 topographic map be printed with 6 colors; the 1:1 million topographic map be printed with 9 colors, and the aeronautical map be printed with 14 colors. General maps, thematic maps, geological maps, mineral maps, etc. use more color, and the 1975 version of the 1:500 million "Asia Geological Map" uses up to 40 colors. The use of color to increase the difficulty of overprinting, but also requires that the hue, the hue between the stitched picture frame is uniform, and the printing and plate making are more difficult. This is also a feature that other prints do not have. Nowadays, four-color printing is generally used for color paintings. However, if four-color printing is to be used for maps, some key technological problems still need to be resolved.
5. It is necessary to be able to correct and revise the mistakes in the printing process. This is because the contents of the map are very complex. All the points represent a certain content. In the process of plate making, it will inevitably lead to individual mistakes and errors. Or correct and modify the plate in time.
Second, map preparation and publishing agencies
In the 1950s, map preparation and printing began with the military surveying and mapping department. In May 1950, the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping was established. In 1952, it was renamed the Surveying and Mapping Bureau of the General Staff Headquarters. In order to meet the special requirements of map printing, it has established and expanded a number of Print factory. In 1954, the relevant government departments established the public-private partnership map publishing house through the transformation of the private map publishing house. In 1956, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping was established. It established the Surveying and Mapping Branch in Xi'an, Harbin, and Sichuan. It has a cartography team and a printing factory or workshop.
1. Preparation of basic scale topographic maps
In the basic scale topographic map series, 1:10 million, 1:25 thousand, 1:50 million, and 1:100 million scale topographic maps are mostly compiled with large scale maps. It is completed by the three branches of the State Administration of Surveying and Mapping, the General Surveying and Mapping Bureau, and the Military Surveying and Mapping Department of the Military Region. The printed map work consists of the General Survey and Mapping Bureau Printing and Printing Factory and the Beijing No. 541 Factory, the Tianjin No. 493 Factory, and the Xi'an No. 544. The factory and Shanghai Zhonghua Printing Factory successively set up a map printing shop, and the Bureau of Geography and Mapping of the Ministry of Geology also established a map printing shop.
2. Compilation and publication of public maps
From 1955 to 1980, according to the stipulations of the relevant government departments: In order to ensure the correctness of the map, "All maps published in the future should be published by the map publishing house. All other central and local publishers, except books Outside of the concise maps attached to the publications, no maps (including single books and flipcharts) can be edited and published. Therefore, there was only one map publishing house during this period.
After 1980, it has approved the establishment of 8 professional map publishing houses including Guangdong Province, Fujian Province, Shandong Province, Xi’an, Harbin, Chengdu, Hunan, and the Planet. The Surveying and Mapping Publishing House established in 1955 can also publish maps. Other central and local publishers can publish certain maps.
(1) China Map Publishing House.
Formerly known as Map Publishing House, it is now known as the Central Level Map Publishing House in Beijing in 1987. The club was established in December 1954. In 1975, the State Publishing Bureau approved the “China Map Society†as the deputy license of the club and its work place is located in Shanghai.
In 1949, the Ministry of Liberation Daily was established in Nanjing. In May 1950, he was led by the Editorial Office of the General Administration of Publication and renamed Xinhua Map Co., Ltd., which is China's first franchised entity to publicly publish and publish maps. Zeng Shiying served as president, 1953 Moved to Beijing on a monthly basis.
In December 1951, it was jointly affiliated with the Map Publishing House, Yaguang Didi Institute, World Shudi Institute, Huaxia Shidi Institute, Dazhongdi Institute, Continental Didi Agency, Xinzhong Fudisha, Zhenqiu Didi, and Guoguang Didi. Five private companies including Shanghai, Dongfang Huadi Geosciences, Dazhong Book Bureau, ASIMCO Geosciences, Fuxing Land Institute, Shanghai Hudi Geosciences, Xinguang Map Publishing House, etc., have organized the Shanghai Private Partnership Publishing House; October 1952 East China Press and Publication Bureau Approved the establishment of a "map publishing house" of an affiliated nature; in January 1953, it reorganized and established a map publishing house of a privately-owned joint venture.
In December 1954 Xinhua Maps Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Private Map Publishing Co., Ltd. implemented a public-private partnership. After the joint venture, they called Xinhua Maps Co., Ltd. internally, and externally called the map publishing house. The main tasks are: to compile and publish all types of school geography teaching maps and general practical maps to meet the needs of students, teachers, and general readers in learning, work, and travel; to patriotism and internationalism to the people Publicity and education, popularize geography science knowledge. Since 1958, the name of Xinhua Maps Co., Ltd. was stopped and collectively referred to as the map publishing house. In 1959, it established a printing workshop.
For more than 40 years, the Map Publishing House has compiled and published a total of more than 4,400 various types of maps, and has published and issued about 1.8 billion volumes (maps).
(2) Planet Map Press.
It is a central level map professional publishing house established in 1993. The organizer is the Surveying and Mapping Bureau of the General Staff Department. The mission of the Planet Map Publishing House is to publish all types of military maps suitable for public publication, maps for national defense education, and dual-use military and civilian thematic maps, as well as publication of surveying and mapping knowledge and related military science and technology books. There is a professional map printing factory with advanced equipment.
(3) Guangdong Map Publishing House.
Founded in October 1980, it is the first provincial-level map professional publishing house established soon after reform and opening up. The agency's scope of publication is: out of the version of the province and accept the provincial administrative map, traffic maps, travel maps, and geography, maps, knowledge-based readings commissioned by the province without a map publishing house. There are perfect printing equipment.
(4) Fujian Map Publishing House.
Founded in November 1980, it is headed by the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Fujian Province and assumes the province's map publishing work. There are printing and production department, can bear all types of map (split) plate making and printing tasks.
(5) Shandong Map Publishing House.
Founded in July 1981, it is affiliated to the Shandong Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, and is a professional publishing institution that mainly produces, publishes and publishes maps. There is a map printing factory.
(6) Xi'an Map Publishing House.
Founded in August 1985, it is a regional professional map publishing house directly under the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. The map includes two aspects: First, to undertake the preparation and printing of the national basic scale topographic maps and various thematic maps, according to the national directive plan for surveying and mapping production or commissioned by various departments, and various plans formulated by the national technical supervision department. , regulations and regulations for production operations; Second, the National Press and Publication Administration approved the preparation of version of the area of ​​various public maps and related knowledge of geography books, including various political maps, transport tourism maps and various thematic maps. There is a printing factory in the club.
(7) Harbin Map Publishing House.
Established in 1986, it is a map publishing house under the leadership of Heilongjiang Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. The main tasks are: to complete the mandatory tasks issued by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, and to compile and publish various regional public maps, atlases, professional maps, wall charts, instructional maps, and transportation according to national directives or other provincial commissions. Tourism maps and related knowledge, science and technology books such as geography, maps and place names. There is a map printing factory.
(8) Chengdu Map Publishing House.
Founded in September 1986, it is a professional map publishing house affiliated with the Sichuan Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. The scope of the book is to compile and publish various types of maps in the area, as well as maps in other regions. There is a map printing factory in the club.