introduction
This article mainly describes the printing of stocks and bonds in securities printing. As the name implies, stocks and bonds are valuable securities, which, like banknotes, belong to special prints. For this reason, printing and production management are very strict. Only a franchise company or a printing company with a special printing department can print it.
Stock bond specifications
There are no special regulations regarding the specifications of stocks and bonds. However, in consideration of production costs and postage costs, the specifications for stocks are currently 210mm x 107mm. The Tokyo Stock Exchange also recommends this specification.
The specifications of the bonds are roughly grouped into three categories based on the number of trustee banks and the number of repayment dates and coupons.
Paper
The paper used for stocks and bonds generally carries a company name and a watermark of the seal. In the past, Japan used superior Japanese paper belonging to Japanese paper. This type of paper is made exclusively by the Printing Department of the Ministry of Finance of Japan. Unlike ordinary paper, it is suitable for both writing and printing, and it has excellent strength and durability. Because it is manufactured by the printing bureau, it is called "office" paper.
The watermark on the paper or the watermark of the seal is made by hand during the papermaking process. It is also possible to paste the corresponding company name or seal of the mold paper on the papermaking machine of the papermaking machine, and then use papermaking raw materials (usually pulp and toughness). Leather fiber) is directly made into paper, and the resulting paper is a thin white paper made from this part. On the other hand, there are also methods that allow the text or seal to appear black, that is, a black watermark. These special papers are legally prohibited from being produced casually. For the 10,000-yen banknotes used on the original Dream Palace and the 5,000-yen banknotes, Prince Shotoku is the watermarking technology used.
Securities design and plate making
The fine art design of securities is a symbol of the capital of the issuing unit. It should be able to show its character and its degree of stability, and it must be designed to be absolutely foolproof. Therefore, it is completely different from the general art design.
In addition to the printing bureau of the government, there are still three private printing companies permitting the production of color patterns and shading in the unique geometric patterns on the securities, which are entirely based on German-made color pattern engraving machines. The pattern is composed of several elements that are extremely complex, and the line is divided into two colors, using fine two-color printing. The shading is the same as the color pattern, divided into 2 colors and overprinted by a printing press.
According to the design of the securities, according to the design of the securities, a part of the design is drawn or put together as a sketch, and hand-drawn patterns and outlines are added to the design to complete the securities design.
For the color pattern and the thin line portion, the line can be drawn as it is, or the line portion can be whitened after reprinting, that is, a high-precision process called white color pattern is used.
Once the design of the art is determined, the layout of the securities will follow, and then the engraving will be entered. The text of the recorded matter is usually reduced to 1/4 of the text written by the calligrapher.
The pattern and shading of the border are divided into the above-mentioned mechanical engraving and hand-drawing parts. The latter is used by the workers who are familiar with engraving techniques to engrave on the copper plate with hand-carved engraving and engraving needles, and observe with a magnifying glass. A little underground hand carving, and finally shading. This step is very important and requires experience and elegant visual sense. Generally it takes about 1 month to 1.5 months to engrave a printing plate.
After the above process, if the original plate is made by offset printing, a special method (which varies depending on the printing house) is used to make a negative picture and print it into a printing plate; if gravure printing is used, an electroforming or etching plate is used. To complete the production of gravure plates.
Production management
The biggest difference between securities printing and general printing is production management. That is, counting management, which is based on the number of paper management. As for stocks, it usually takes more than a dozen operations. Therefore, the waste papers and qualified papers that appear in each process must be strictly counted to prevent the loss of paper.
For example: A company's stock needs to be printed 50,000 papers, and there are 3 types of bonds, namely, 1,000 shares, 5,000 shares, and 10,000 shares. The colors are different. After receiving the printing task, usually four pieces are placed on a standard piece of paper. This requires 1/4 of 50,000 pieces, ie, 12,500 large pieces of paper. With the addition of 2,500 sheets, 15,000 sheets form the basis for counting. During the operation process, it should be stipulated that at the end of each process, if the sum of the number of waste papers and the qualified printed sheets that appear is not consistent with the number of papers initially received, the next operation must not be turned.
After the completion of all processes, if the production of 50,000 finished products plus waste paper, and the total amount of waste products does not equal to 60,000 outgoings (15,000 open sheets), no delivery is allowed. In the case of paper that has been broken or rolled up on the shaft, stick the tape. Anything that meets the original size should be added to the count.
In addition, after the delivery of the securities, the use schedule of the printed paper shall be submitted to the subscriber or the trustee bank, and if the contract is approved, the waste paper and the waste products shall be shredded and the operation shall be completed.
Printing of securities
Printing paper is a watermark paper of the size of four-pronged securities. Generally, the reversed text and back sign are printed first. For the positive shading, color pattern and pattern need a very accurate overprint, it should use high-precision two-color machine printing, and now more than the use of accurate printing Roland Securities printing machine for multi-color wiring printing. Outside the border, the name of the designated printing company is printed to prove that a certain qualified printing company is responsible for printing.
(1) Gravure printing
As described in the plate making, the hand-engraved plate is turned into a formal gravure plate and printed with a gravure web printer or a gravure web printer.
In general, the dot depth of the engraving gravure is 8-70 μm, and it can be carved deeper if necessary. The ink is filled in the recesses, the excess ink on the plate is scraped off with a squeegee, the paper is covered thereon, and a strong pressure is applied from above, so that the ink filled in the part of the drawing line of the recess is transferred to the paper. When using a printer, the line pressure is about 2 x 104 kg, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Principle of Gravure Printing
There are two methods for printing, one is wet printing, which allows the paper to have a moderate degree of moisture, which allows the ink in the thin thread portion to be easily transferred, and the other is dry printing in which the paper is directly printed. Recently, it has been relatively preferred to use a dry method to complete beautiful gravure printing. Because the wet method is used, the paper needs to be dried after printing, which can easily cause the paper to wrinkle and cause troubles in the subsequent process.
With the development of computer technology, securities companies or financial departments have begun adopting OCR coding technology in issuing securities in order to increase the speed of data processing. Because OCR codes need to be machine-recognized, for gravure-printed securities, over-embossed ink film painting poses some inconvenience. In most countries, in order to prevent counterfeiting and maintain the unique printing style of securities, the securities of most countries will still be dominated by gravure printing in a short period of time. Therefore, how to make gravure securities better adapted to machine reading is a technical problem that needs to be improved in the research of security gravure printing technology.
(2) Number and ticket holder printing
For printed securities, special number machines are used to print the marks and numbers on the front and back of each security. And make sure that the numbers on the front and back are the same.
For securities such as stocks, the name of the shareholders must be printed in addition to the printed surface, and the number of each stock has been determined and must be printed by serial number.
The printing method is to collect the shares of shareholders’ stocks according to the share name of the stocks, sort the pages in order, and use the tape of the securities agency’s Chinese character printer to print the name of the shareholder as a manuscript to directly produce the nameplate of the shareholder. Special printing press to print. The printing press is automatically adjusted and printed according to the number of stocks shared by each shareholder, and when a shareholder's ticket is printed. Will automatically transfer to the next shareholder's stock for continuous printing.
Brokers and financial institutions use OCR digital to apply to securities because they seek to improve the efficiency of securities processing and are different from ordinary numbers. The data of the company's code and ticket number, etc., will be converted into digital data and printed, and then read by optical means. This will improve business processing speed and reliability.
The OCR ink is used for printing. The numbering machine's font is "OCR-B font" and it is replaced with 18 or 17 digits. The last two digits and the first digit are the inspection digits. The OCR code's allowable print range (definition and clarity of position) is very strict, and there are slight changes in the position, which can cause troubles in the reading and identification of securities. In a word, the automation and mechanization of the business processing of securities agency companies and financial institutions also promoted the development of securities printing technology.
The trend of securities printing
Securities printing needs strict management. At the same time, in order to improve the security level of securities, companies have made utmost efforts in the research and development of securities printing.
For example, in order to prevent the recent development of increasingly powerful color copiers, securities are printed with the exception of the use of special inks. In addition, they are printed with a single color transparent ink. Once they are placed in a color copier, completely different colors will appear. The surface shows additional text and patterns. Another technique is the use of special inks in the color printing section. Once in a color copier, the color will be copied into another color and the authenticity can be easily recognized.
The research and development of cameras and optical instruments will be more and more advanced in the future, and this will undoubtedly create a more favorable condition for the dummy. In a sense, securities and bonds, as well as other important printed materials such as cheques, deposit slips, etc., have the same use value as cash on some occasions. Therefore, as a company engaged in securities printing, in order to print securities that are not easy to counterfeit and to prevent, it is a daily struggle with counterfeiters to constantly develop new anti-counterfeiting technologies.