Curiosity completes first analysis of Martian material element composition

On the 32nd Mars day, a close-up shot of the rotating frame at the end of the robotic arm of the "Curious" rover taken on September 7-8, with alpha particles and X-ray spectrometers in the front and middle.

This photo was taken with the imaging system of the mast camera on Curiosity and it shows the soil behind the rover

A basalt sample obtained from a lava flow in New Mexico, which serves as a color guide table on the "Curiosity". This photo of the color guide table with a diameter of 1.4 inches (3.5 cm) was taken by Mars handheld lens imager on September 9

This figure shows the data obtained by the alpha particle and X-ray spectrometer from its color guide table. The peaks indicate that various components are very rich, including argon found in the Martian atmosphere, the instrument's own zirconium, and the sulfur and chlorine contained in the Martian soil particles

A picture of Mars handheld lens imager "Curious" taken from a distance of 8 inches (20 cm), which shows the entrance to the laboratory of the chemical and mineralogical analyzer, where powdery rocks and soil will be from Put it in for analysis.

The entrance diameter of this funnel structure is about 1.4 inches (3.5 cm), and it is covered with a layer of filter mesh to filter larger particles

The Mars handheld lens imager camera took this photo of the color guide table, which included a cent cast in 1909. Ken Eget, the principal investigator of the Mars handheld lens imager, emphasized that attention should be paid to the spots under Lincoln's ear and the first "9" of the number 1909, which is Martian material.

Beijing time, September 14, according to foreign media reports, NASA's "Curious" Mars rover has launched its X-ray analyzer and completed the first analysis of the Martian material element composition, which was brought from the earth A small amount of sulfur and chlorine found on a color guide table. Principal Investigator of Alpha Particles and X-ray Spectrometer (APXS), Ralph Grete of Guelph University in Canada, said: "These are the first reliable Mars data we have collected."

The unexpected appearance of the alpha particle and X-ray spectrometer occurred during the transition of this one-month task from engineering experiment to comprehensive scientific observation. On the 13th, task manager Jennifer Trosper said during the remote conference that there was one day left for the robotic arm to run in trial operation. The quality appraisal period is only one day longer than the minimum schedule. Trosper deliberately understated that it was "not bad." She said: "After the quality appraisal, the engineering team has not completely let go, but we are a little relaxed." In the next two Earth years, this $ 2.5 billion Mars rover mission will be unveiled with 10 instruments The mystery of Mars, the question at the top of the list is: does ancient Mars actually have chemical elements that can survive? In order to study this puzzle in depth, the two airborne laboratories of Curiosity will eventually collect soil samples , Crush the rocks, and collect atmospheric samples, but the alpha particles and X-ray spectrometer installed at the end of the robot arm of the rover will play an important role.

The design goal of the alpha particle and X-ray spectrometer is to emit X-rays to the target rock, and then read the reflected energy to determine which elements are present. This information can help scientists decide which rock is worthy of further research using other instruments. Before the launch of the Curiosity in November last year, scientists placed a piece of New Mexico basalt on it as a color guide table for the detector. On the 10th it got its first reading, which was the 35th Martian day of the mission. Grete said that most of the elements found this time are in line with the elements previously seen by Curiosity during the Mars roam, but this time the sodium and chloride are particularly large. This obviously reflects the composition of the "tiny particles" of Martian sand particles, which may have been thrown onto the color guide table during the landing on August 5. The probe also found argon in the Martian atmosphere. The sensitivity of the reading shows, "The instrument is indeed operating normally."

A small amount of Martian material can also be seen in the photos taken by the Mars handheld lens imager (MAHLI) of the "Curious" rover. The main investigator of this camera experiment, Ken-Egett of the Marin Space Science System, pointed out that two spots can be seen on a one-cent coin used as a color guide table on the Mars rover. One diameter is 200 microns and the other diameter is 100 microns. In comparison, the diameter of human hair is about 100 microns. Eget said: "The first batch of Mars sand grains we took recently with the Mars handheld lens imager was actually seen on the coin we sent to this red planet."

Future observation activities will not be so unexpected: For a period of time on the 13th, the "curious" high-definition mast camera planned to observe the sun, trying to capture the picture of a moon of Mars-Phobos passing in front of the sun disk. There will be several opportunities to observe this phenomenon in the next few days, but it will take another Earth year before this phenomenon occurs again. The "Courage" predecessors "Courage" and "Opportunity" Rover have observed similar mini-solar eclipses from the surface of this red planet more than once. Once the engineering test is over, the Curiosity will “go forward, go forward and go forward”, heading towards its first main destination, an area called Glenelg. Here are three different gathering places for Mars geological features. Studying this area can better understand how Mars has changed in the past billions of years. It takes several weeks to reach Glenelg: it is about 400 meters from the landing point of Curiosity, and so far this rover has traveled a maximum of 30 to 40 meters per day.

Trosper said the research team on the mission wanted to stop halfway and use a real Martian rock to detect the Curiosity instrument. She said: "We will continue to move forward until we find such a rock, and then we will stop and contact science through alpha particles with X-ray spectrometer and Mars handheld lens imager." Mission scientist Joe Crisp said The color guide table may be a large block of finely textured basalt, which is the most common type of rock on Mars. Crispi said: "That would be the rock we discovered that could meet the needs of the first contact with science. This rock must be big enough to push it with a mechanical arm." She said that scientists are not yet ready to "take risks" , Discuss the composition of the gravel soil seen under the Martian wheel. "Maybe wait until next week" they will do so. By shoveling some soil samples and putting it into the Mars Sample Analyzer (SAM) and Chemical and Mineralogy Analyzer (CheMin) laboratories on the Curiosity, the research team will eventually get accurate readings of the soil composition. Later, the rover will use drilling equipment to conduct a series of studies on Martian rocks. However Trosper said the job will take a while.

Trosper said: "We need to carry out excavation activities in sandy areas. This is similar to drilling activities that take several months." It is a good thing to know that the "Curious" instrument is ready. Take a look at this animated picture of the opening and closing of the access door of the Mars sample analyzer laboratory located on the Mars vehicle cabin, and observe the navigation camera (Navcam) imaging system. NASA ’s Guy Webster revealed other details of his intention to observe the mini-solar eclipse of Mars via email. He said: "This observation plan includes that the mast camera is exposed about 300 times during the transit. They may A small subset is received, which is easy to download. "

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