1. Background Situation China is a Shaolin country. The forest resources are scarce, and its distribution is uneven. The unit output is low. With the development of our country’s society and national economy, the demand for forestry has also shifted from simple provision of timber and forest products to the improvement of ecological conditions and homeland security. Ecological demand has gradually replaced forest product demand as the dominant demand for forestry in society. The transformation of forestry from mainly an industry is mainly a social public welfare undertaking; from the component of the national economy, it is not only a component of the national economy, but also the main body of ecological construction; from the center of wood production to the balance between the three major benefits, and ecology. Benefit first;.......
In order to adapt to changes in society's demand for forestry, forestry must adopt an extraordinary development approach. Starting from the reality of China’s forestry, the State Forestry Administration has rationally adjusted the distribution of forestry productivity, and proposed a strategy for large-scale development of forestry development by leaps and bounds in accordance with the strategic deployment of classified operations, and through the integration of forestry projects, the There are six key projects: the first is the natural forest protection project, the second is the “Three North†and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and other key shelter forest construction projects, the third is the project of returning farmland to forests and grassland, and the fourth is the project of prevention and treatment of desertification in the Beijing area. The fifth is the protection of wild animals and plants and the construction of nature reserves. Sixth, the construction of forestry industry bases based on fast-growing and high-yield timber forests in key regions. The six major projects have received strong support from the party and the country and have been formally included in China's "10th Five-Year Plan" development plan, becoming a national key project.
2. Characteristics of forestry industry base construction projects based on fast-growing and high-yield timber forests in key areas The construction of forestry industrial bases in fast-growing and high-yield timber forests in key regions has two main differences from the other five projects:
(1) This is the only one of the six key forestry projects that is part of the forestry industry system. The other five projects are all engaged in ecological construction in China. Only this project mainly addresses the supply of timber and forest products in China. The implementation of the project must meet the demand of the national economy and social development for timber and forest products, reduce the pressure on the protection of natural forest resources, and promote the construction of the other five projects.
(2) The other five projects are mainly based on government investment. The operation of this project will be guided by market demand, allocate resources through the market, and adopt an investment mechanism based on market financing and properly supported by the government. To pursue the goal of maximizing economic benefits and to act according to the laws of the market, the role of the government is to conduct macro-level guidance.
The six key forestry projects are an organic whole, which constitutes the productivity distribution of China's forestry in a leap-forward development in the new century. The relationship between the construction of fast-growing and high-yielding timber forest bases and other five major projects is like a bird's-eye view of the forestry industry. No matter which wing is missing, the forestry industry cannot take off. Therefore, the construction project of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases is in a very important and unique position. It is a "backbone project" in which the forestry industry system meets the demand for forest products from China's national economic and social development, and ensures the smooth implementation of the natural forest protection, the return of farmland to forests and grassland and other forestry ecological projects. At the same time, it is also a "project of hope" for strengthening and developing forestry strength.
3. Conception of the construction plan for fast growing and high-yield timber forest bases in China In December 2000, the State Forestry Administration proceeded from the perspective of rational distribution of forestry productive forces, and in accordance with the principles of strategic deployment of strategic operations and comparative advantages of resources, to fully absorb fast-growing and high-yield timber forests at home and abroad. Based on the construction experience, the “Architectural Plan for Fast-growing and High-Yield Timber Forest Base Construction in Key Areas†was organized and submitted to the State Planning Commission. At present, the State Development Planning Commission is organizing efforts to evaluate the "plan."
The project plan for the construction of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases is just one component of the sixth key project, focusing on the development of the first industry of forestry—planting industry—to solve the problem of shortage of wood raw materials in China.
3.1 The basic principles of engineering design (1) Adhere to unified planning, step-by-step implementation, highlight key points, and steadily advance;
(2) Adhere to the market orientation, adapt to changes in market supply and demand, realize the combination of resource cultivation and industrial development, and promote the integration of raw material forest bases and subsequent use enterprises;
(3) Adhere to local conditions, appropriate trees, regional development, scale management, and oriented cultivation;
(4) Adhere to relying on science and technology and highlight technological protection;
(5) Adhere to the coexistence of multiple business models, multi-channel, multi-level, multi-form fundraising, who invests, who develops, and who benefits.
3.2 Project scope According to the plan, the scope of implementation of the project is mainly in the tropical and South Asia east of the 400mm isotherm line, superior natural conditions, good site conditions, relatively flat terrain, less likely to cause soil erosion, and will not adversely affect the ecological environment. The tropical Guangdong-Guizhou-Qiongga region, the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the north subtropical zone, the temperate Yellow River mid-lower reaches (including the Huaihe River, the Haihe River Basin), and the cold-temperate zone in the four regions of northeastern Inner Mongolia. The project involves 18 provinces and regions, including 886 counties (cities) in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan. , district), 114 forestry bureaus (fields). According to the needs of the market, after 15 years of hard work, it is divided into two phases and is divided into three phases, namely, the first phase from 2001 to 2005 and the second phase from 2006 to 2015, of which the second phase from 2006 to 2010, 2011 From the year to 2015, it is the third phase. With a model of high input, high output, high degree of intensive management, and commercialization, marketization, and commercialization, a number of fast-growing and high-yielding timber forest bases with a considerable scale have been established.
3.3 The project scale The total scale of the project construction is 13.33 million hectares (nearly 200 million mu), and 99 construction projects. Among them, there are three kinds of timber forest bases: 5.86 million hectares of pulp material bases, 39 construction projects, 4.97 million hectares of artificial sheet bases, 50 construction projects, 2.5 million hectares of large-diameter material bases, and 10 construction projects. Among the 13.33 million hectares on the total scale, 6.18 million hectares of new plantations will be planted and 715 million hectares of existing forests will be cultivated. The scale of construction by region is as follows:
3.3.1 Guangdong Guiqiongqi Area The area includes Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Fujian provinces (districts). The scale of construction in the planning period is 1.987 million hectares, accounting for 15% of the total scale. Focus on cultivating Pulpwood, Acacia, Caribbean pine, Masson pine and other species of pulp raw material forests; Artificial wood raw material forests dominated by Caribbean pine, Pinus taeda and Pinus massoniana; and mahogany, teak, southwest Large-diameter timber forests, such as birch, are in short supply.
3.3.2 Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River The area includes Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Simao in Yunnan. The scale of construction during the planning period is 3.063 million hectares, accounting for 23% of the total scale. The direction of development is: adopting the methods of new creation and cultivation to develop pulp and raw material forests dominated by poplar, Chisan, Banyan, Nanzhu, and Pinus massoniana, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus elliottii, Pinus yunnanensis, and Simosa pine; Trees, bamboo, Pinus massoniana, Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii are the main wood-based board raw material forests; the large-diameter timber forests are mainly wood species such as nanmu, eucalyptus, Chigi, fir and cedar.
3.3.3 Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River The area includes the Yellow River basins in the three provinces of Henan, Hebei, and Shandong, and the eastern, central, southern, and western Luxi areas of the Huaihe and Haihe River basins. The construction scale is 1.048 million hectares, accounting for 8% of the total scale. The construction direction is to cultivate pulp raw material forests dominated by triploid Chinese white poplars, Italian poplars, and squarrosa plants; and man-made board raw material forests mainly composed of triploid Chinese white poplar and paulownia.
3.3.4 Northeast and Inner Mongolia include state-owned forest areas such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia Daxinganling and Daxinganling Forestry Company, and collective forest areas in Jilin and Liaoning. The construction scale is 7.228 million hectares, accounting for 54% of the total scale. The direction of development is: to create a pulp raw material forest mainly consisting of Populus simonii, sweet poplar, poplar, and various larch species; a man-made board raw material forest dominated by the above tree species; to Ash Mandshurica, Huang Bo Luo, Zhang Mu, Juglans mandshurica Large-diameter timber forests dominated by eucalyptus, camphor, red pine, spruce, fir, Pinus sylvestris and larch.
According to the average annual growth of 15 cubic meters per hectare, after the completion of all the bases, annual growth of 19.78 million cubic meters of standing forest can be obtained, and 133.37 million cubic meters of timber. Providing 40% of the domestic demand for timber products, together with the harvesting and utilization of existing forest resources, will basically balance the supply and demand of domestic timber.
3.4 The total investment budget for capital raising projects is 71.8 billion yuan. There are mainly three channels for fund raising: (1) the state injects subsidies of 14.4 billion yuan, accounting for 20%; (2) bank discount loans of 50.2 billion yuan, accounting for 70%; (3) ) The other investment was 7.2 billion yuan, accounting for 10%.
4. Implementation and Existing Problems in the Construction of Fast-growing and High-yield Timber Forest Bases To achieve rapid development, the construction of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases must be conducted in accordance with the laws of the socialist market economy, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors of society, and make full use of resources in all aspects of society. In this project, the government will be mainly responsible for creating a fair competition environment and conditions for the development of the project. Specifically include the following aspects:
(1) Formulate development plans, do a good job in the layout of productive forces, do a good job of macroeconomic regulation and control, promulgate industrial policies, clearly define what to encourage, what to limit, what to eliminate, and make decisions for investors easier.
(2) Formulating matching economic adjustment policies and resource management policies.
(3) Establish and improve the forest products market, standing timber market and other factor markets, improve market rules, standardize market order, and improve information services.
(4) Revise and improve relevant technical standards and management standards to promote technological progress.
The next step is to give enterprises and operators full autonomy to operate, let the market mechanism play a role, mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors, especially to develop non-public forestry.
From the current situation in China, the development of the construction of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases still has the following problems to solve.
4.1 Severe shortage of development funds Currently, the funds available for the construction of the HSBC are limited and the number of funds is small. In addition to loans for domestic forestry projects and World Bank loans, the number of other channels investing in the construction of the abundance of forests is relatively small. Even though some companies have invested some funds to build raw material forest bases for the needs of their own development, they are still seriously insufficient for the development of the Sufenglin base in the entire region. Many units and individuals want to develop Speedwood but have no funds. At present, the main domestic loan channels are China Development Bank and Agricultural Bank of China. The China Development Bank mainly supports large-scale projects and is currently in its infancy. The number of companies that have obtained loans from the China Development Bank is limited. ABC's forestry discount interest loans need to implement projects and loan funds at the grass-roots level. Because they operate entirely in accordance with the commercial bank model, although there are discount interest indicators, the Sufenglin project is difficult to establish. In recent years, loan funds for the implementation of the Rapid Forest Project accounted for only about 20% of the discount interest index. The lack of capital investment is an important factor restricting the construction of fast-growing and high-yielding forests in China.
4.2 Excessive Taxes and Taxes The problem of excessive taxes and fees is also one of the major obstacles to the development of the company. There are more than 20 timber taxes in China, accounting for more than 50% of the sales price. In some places, it is even more than 70% of the timber sales price. The income distribution tax for forest cultivation accounts for the bulk, and operators have to take the lead. After deducting the costs of harvesting and transportation, the income of the operators of the establishment of Instant Forest is less than 10% of the timber price, and some even have to lose money, so that the enthusiasm for the construction of the Sufenglin Forest is seriously affected and the productivity factors of the society are hindered. Flowed to the construction of the Swiftwood Base.
4.3 Resource management policies Urgently need to adjust current forestry resources management policies in China, mainly based on the protection of forest resources and the ecological benefits of forests. The unified management of logging index management is inconsistent with the forestry classification management. The implementation of classified management objectively requires the classification and management of forest resources. Although China's forestry policy clarifies the "who created who has" the ownership of forest assets, it does not properly resolve the right to dispose forest assets. At present, the state imposes double restrictions on timber quotas and production plans for the harvesting of timber forests. Owners do not have the right to dispose of the fast-growing forests that they operate, and they cannot perform cutting according to market demand in order to maximize their benefits. At the same time, lack of circulation
In order to adapt to changes in society's demand for forestry, forestry must adopt an extraordinary development approach. Starting from the reality of China’s forestry, the State Forestry Administration has rationally adjusted the distribution of forestry productivity, and proposed a strategy for large-scale development of forestry development by leaps and bounds in accordance with the strategic deployment of classified operations, and through the integration of forestry projects, the There are six key projects: the first is the natural forest protection project, the second is the “Three North†and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and other key shelter forest construction projects, the third is the project of returning farmland to forests and grassland, and the fourth is the project of prevention and treatment of desertification in the Beijing area. The fifth is the protection of wild animals and plants and the construction of nature reserves. Sixth, the construction of forestry industry bases based on fast-growing and high-yield timber forests in key regions. The six major projects have received strong support from the party and the country and have been formally included in China's "10th Five-Year Plan" development plan, becoming a national key project.
2. Characteristics of forestry industry base construction projects based on fast-growing and high-yield timber forests in key areas The construction of forestry industrial bases in fast-growing and high-yield timber forests in key regions has two main differences from the other five projects:
(1) This is the only one of the six key forestry projects that is part of the forestry industry system. The other five projects are all engaged in ecological construction in China. Only this project mainly addresses the supply of timber and forest products in China. The implementation of the project must meet the demand of the national economy and social development for timber and forest products, reduce the pressure on the protection of natural forest resources, and promote the construction of the other five projects.
(2) The other five projects are mainly based on government investment. The operation of this project will be guided by market demand, allocate resources through the market, and adopt an investment mechanism based on market financing and properly supported by the government. To pursue the goal of maximizing economic benefits and to act according to the laws of the market, the role of the government is to conduct macro-level guidance.
The six key forestry projects are an organic whole, which constitutes the productivity distribution of China's forestry in a leap-forward development in the new century. The relationship between the construction of fast-growing and high-yielding timber forest bases and other five major projects is like a bird's-eye view of the forestry industry. No matter which wing is missing, the forestry industry cannot take off. Therefore, the construction project of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases is in a very important and unique position. It is a "backbone project" in which the forestry industry system meets the demand for forest products from China's national economic and social development, and ensures the smooth implementation of the natural forest protection, the return of farmland to forests and grassland and other forestry ecological projects. At the same time, it is also a "project of hope" for strengthening and developing forestry strength.
3. Conception of the construction plan for fast growing and high-yield timber forest bases in China In December 2000, the State Forestry Administration proceeded from the perspective of rational distribution of forestry productive forces, and in accordance with the principles of strategic deployment of strategic operations and comparative advantages of resources, to fully absorb fast-growing and high-yield timber forests at home and abroad. Based on the construction experience, the “Architectural Plan for Fast-growing and High-Yield Timber Forest Base Construction in Key Areas†was organized and submitted to the State Planning Commission. At present, the State Development Planning Commission is organizing efforts to evaluate the "plan."
The project plan for the construction of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases is just one component of the sixth key project, focusing on the development of the first industry of forestry—planting industry—to solve the problem of shortage of wood raw materials in China.
3.1 The basic principles of engineering design (1) Adhere to unified planning, step-by-step implementation, highlight key points, and steadily advance;
(2) Adhere to the market orientation, adapt to changes in market supply and demand, realize the combination of resource cultivation and industrial development, and promote the integration of raw material forest bases and subsequent use enterprises;
(3) Adhere to local conditions, appropriate trees, regional development, scale management, and oriented cultivation;
(4) Adhere to relying on science and technology and highlight technological protection;
(5) Adhere to the coexistence of multiple business models, multi-channel, multi-level, multi-form fundraising, who invests, who develops, and who benefits.
3.2 Project scope According to the plan, the scope of implementation of the project is mainly in the tropical and South Asia east of the 400mm isotherm line, superior natural conditions, good site conditions, relatively flat terrain, less likely to cause soil erosion, and will not adversely affect the ecological environment. The tropical Guangdong-Guizhou-Qiongga region, the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the north subtropical zone, the temperate Yellow River mid-lower reaches (including the Huaihe River, the Haihe River Basin), and the cold-temperate zone in the four regions of northeastern Inner Mongolia. The project involves 18 provinces and regions, including 886 counties (cities) in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan. , district), 114 forestry bureaus (fields). According to the needs of the market, after 15 years of hard work, it is divided into two phases and is divided into three phases, namely, the first phase from 2001 to 2005 and the second phase from 2006 to 2015, of which the second phase from 2006 to 2010, 2011 From the year to 2015, it is the third phase. With a model of high input, high output, high degree of intensive management, and commercialization, marketization, and commercialization, a number of fast-growing and high-yielding timber forest bases with a considerable scale have been established.
3.3 The project scale The total scale of the project construction is 13.33 million hectares (nearly 200 million mu), and 99 construction projects. Among them, there are three kinds of timber forest bases: 5.86 million hectares of pulp material bases, 39 construction projects, 4.97 million hectares of artificial sheet bases, 50 construction projects, 2.5 million hectares of large-diameter material bases, and 10 construction projects. Among the 13.33 million hectares on the total scale, 6.18 million hectares of new plantations will be planted and 715 million hectares of existing forests will be cultivated. The scale of construction by region is as follows:
3.3.1 Guangdong Guiqiongqi Area The area includes Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Fujian provinces (districts). The scale of construction in the planning period is 1.987 million hectares, accounting for 15% of the total scale. Focus on cultivating Pulpwood, Acacia, Caribbean pine, Masson pine and other species of pulp raw material forests; Artificial wood raw material forests dominated by Caribbean pine, Pinus taeda and Pinus massoniana; and mahogany, teak, southwest Large-diameter timber forests, such as birch, are in short supply.
3.3.2 Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River The area includes Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Simao in Yunnan. The scale of construction during the planning period is 3.063 million hectares, accounting for 23% of the total scale. The direction of development is: adopting the methods of new creation and cultivation to develop pulp and raw material forests dominated by poplar, Chisan, Banyan, Nanzhu, and Pinus massoniana, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus elliottii, Pinus yunnanensis, and Simosa pine; Trees, bamboo, Pinus massoniana, Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii are the main wood-based board raw material forests; the large-diameter timber forests are mainly wood species such as nanmu, eucalyptus, Chigi, fir and cedar.
3.3.3 Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River The area includes the Yellow River basins in the three provinces of Henan, Hebei, and Shandong, and the eastern, central, southern, and western Luxi areas of the Huaihe and Haihe River basins. The construction scale is 1.048 million hectares, accounting for 8% of the total scale. The construction direction is to cultivate pulp raw material forests dominated by triploid Chinese white poplars, Italian poplars, and squarrosa plants; and man-made board raw material forests mainly composed of triploid Chinese white poplar and paulownia.
3.3.4 Northeast and Inner Mongolia include state-owned forest areas such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia Daxinganling and Daxinganling Forestry Company, and collective forest areas in Jilin and Liaoning. The construction scale is 7.228 million hectares, accounting for 54% of the total scale. The direction of development is: to create a pulp raw material forest mainly consisting of Populus simonii, sweet poplar, poplar, and various larch species; a man-made board raw material forest dominated by the above tree species; to Ash Mandshurica, Huang Bo Luo, Zhang Mu, Juglans mandshurica Large-diameter timber forests dominated by eucalyptus, camphor, red pine, spruce, fir, Pinus sylvestris and larch.
According to the average annual growth of 15 cubic meters per hectare, after the completion of all the bases, annual growth of 19.78 million cubic meters of standing forest can be obtained, and 133.37 million cubic meters of timber. Providing 40% of the domestic demand for timber products, together with the harvesting and utilization of existing forest resources, will basically balance the supply and demand of domestic timber.
3.4 The total investment budget for capital raising projects is 71.8 billion yuan. There are mainly three channels for fund raising: (1) the state injects subsidies of 14.4 billion yuan, accounting for 20%; (2) bank discount loans of 50.2 billion yuan, accounting for 70%; (3) ) The other investment was 7.2 billion yuan, accounting for 10%.
4. Implementation and Existing Problems in the Construction of Fast-growing and High-yield Timber Forest Bases To achieve rapid development, the construction of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases must be conducted in accordance with the laws of the socialist market economy, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors of society, and make full use of resources in all aspects of society. In this project, the government will be mainly responsible for creating a fair competition environment and conditions for the development of the project. Specifically include the following aspects:
(1) Formulate development plans, do a good job in the layout of productive forces, do a good job of macroeconomic regulation and control, promulgate industrial policies, clearly define what to encourage, what to limit, what to eliminate, and make decisions for investors easier.
(2) Formulating matching economic adjustment policies and resource management policies.
(3) Establish and improve the forest products market, standing timber market and other factor markets, improve market rules, standardize market order, and improve information services.
(4) Revise and improve relevant technical standards and management standards to promote technological progress.
The next step is to give enterprises and operators full autonomy to operate, let the market mechanism play a role, mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors, especially to develop non-public forestry.
From the current situation in China, the development of the construction of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases still has the following problems to solve.
4.1 Severe shortage of development funds Currently, the funds available for the construction of the HSBC are limited and the number of funds is small. In addition to loans for domestic forestry projects and World Bank loans, the number of other channels investing in the construction of the abundance of forests is relatively small. Even though some companies have invested some funds to build raw material forest bases for the needs of their own development, they are still seriously insufficient for the development of the Sufenglin base in the entire region. Many units and individuals want to develop Speedwood but have no funds. At present, the main domestic loan channels are China Development Bank and Agricultural Bank of China. The China Development Bank mainly supports large-scale projects and is currently in its infancy. The number of companies that have obtained loans from the China Development Bank is limited. ABC's forestry discount interest loans need to implement projects and loan funds at the grass-roots level. Because they operate entirely in accordance with the commercial bank model, although there are discount interest indicators, the Sufenglin project is difficult to establish. In recent years, loan funds for the implementation of the Rapid Forest Project accounted for only about 20% of the discount interest index. The lack of capital investment is an important factor restricting the construction of fast-growing and high-yielding forests in China.
4.2 Excessive Taxes and Taxes The problem of excessive taxes and fees is also one of the major obstacles to the development of the company. There are more than 20 timber taxes in China, accounting for more than 50% of the sales price. In some places, it is even more than 70% of the timber sales price. The income distribution tax for forest cultivation accounts for the bulk, and operators have to take the lead. After deducting the costs of harvesting and transportation, the income of the operators of the establishment of Instant Forest is less than 10% of the timber price, and some even have to lose money, so that the enthusiasm for the construction of the Sufenglin Forest is seriously affected and the productivity factors of the society are hindered. Flowed to the construction of the Swiftwood Base.
4.3 Resource management policies Urgently need to adjust current forestry resources management policies in China, mainly based on the protection of forest resources and the ecological benefits of forests. The unified management of logging index management is inconsistent with the forestry classification management. The implementation of classified management objectively requires the classification and management of forest resources. Although China's forestry policy clarifies the "who created who has" the ownership of forest assets, it does not properly resolve the right to dispose forest assets. At present, the state imposes double restrictions on timber quotas and production plans for the harvesting of timber forests. Owners do not have the right to dispose of the fast-growing forests that they operate, and they cannot perform cutting according to market demand in order to maximize their benefits. At the same time, lack of circulation
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