The binding material of the book is a variety of materials used in addition to the core paper and paperboard; it has a wide range of applications, including covers, book backs, ring linings, hot stamping and other materials. The correct choice of binding material is the basis for reflecting the effect of binding processing. Whether the materials are used properly or not, the finished products will be obviously different after processing. The selection of binding materials should be determined according to the grade, form, firmness, and aesthetic requirements of the book. It is not possible to blindly pursue the level of price. It should be based on application and matching.
First, cover material types and their use
The cover is also called a cover, a book cover, etc. It is a decorative material wrapped around the book block. There are many types of cover materials, which can be broadly classified into fabrics, leathers, coatings, plastics, and paper. The choice of cover material is based on the grade (grade), content, and publisher's requirements of the book. Grade refers to the value of books, such as reading value, use value, and preservation value; content refers to the ideas expressed in the articles and the times described; publisher requirements refer to the process design proposed by the author, designer, or publisher. Selection plan and so on.
The cover material, especially the hardcover cover material, occupies an important position in the processing of books and periodicals. The selection of materials is related to the appearance of a book. The so-called “sale of a leather goods†can increase the number of books as long as the cover works well. The reader's attraction, otherwise it will affect its position in the market.
(a) fabric cover material
Fabrics cover materials are the earliest and most widely used book binding materials in China, such as roll-loading, back-loading, butterfly-loading, thread-loading, and so on. Silk or cotton fabrics are used as cover materials.
1. Cotton cover material
The main ingredient of cotton fabric cover material is cotton fiber. The moisture absorption of cotton fiber is strong. As the temperature rises, the moisture content decreases. When the temperature exceeds 105°C, the moisture evaporates. The resistance of cotton fiber to acid is very weak, and the contact with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid is prevented, but the alkali resistance is very good. Cotton fabrics have good adhesive properties, and any kind of adhesive can achieve adhesive effect. There are the following main types of cotton for the cover:
1 plain cloth. Plain weave fabric covers are generally fine-grained. The surface of the fine-grained cloth is fine, smooth, soft, and has few knots on the surface. The texture is lighter and thinner than the city cloth (commonly known as the Big Five).
The white in the plain weave can be used as a butterfly patch; the cyan and aqua blue dyed cloth can be used as an ancient thread, a back cover and a letter cover. Plain cloth is used for plain economics, quaint and generous, easy to glue and hot stamp when processing.
2 poplin. The poplin cover material is better than the plain weave cloth and the high grade. The poplin's warp yarns are fine, fine weft yarns, smooth fabrics, smooth feel, silk feel, so called poplin. The poplin is divided into full-line and half-line, and the cover uses half-line poplin.
Hardcover covers are made of poplin, and old-line covers and knuckles are also common. Poplin and plain weave are also easy to stick and hot stamp.
3 velvet cloth. The main cover of flannel fabric is velveteen. Flat velveteen is a double-layered tissue that is divided and raised; if it is treated with mercerizing, it has a silky sheen, so it is called velveteen velveteen.
The characteristics of velveteen: The surface of the cashmere is plump and smooth, with good luster, soft handfeel, elasticity, thick pile, good abrasion resistance, and it is not easy to wrinkle, but it is easy to remove fluff. As long as the cut is finished, no effect is noticed.
The main component of cotton fabric is cotton cellulose. Mature fiber contains about 95% of fiber, a small amount of wax, pectin, chlorine-containing substances, sugar, minerals, etc. Therefore, it has strong hygroscopicity. Its moisture absorption energy changes with temperature and humidity. This forms a shrinking phenomenon of the cotton cloth. The general shrinkage rate is about 4%, with slightly more warp direction and slightly less zonal direction. If the staple processing is not done with shrink-proof processing, there will be quality problems such as uneven warpage of the book case, distortion of the size after cutting the small size, and serious consequences such as pattern distortion. This can be done as follows:
A, anti-shrinkage treatment of soaked paper. The cotton cloth material is wetted (sprayed or immersed) with water in advance, and then dried together with the paper paste to make the cotton cloth shrink in the drying process, and is dried and set. This prevents shrinkage and ensures the smoothness, shape and ease of processing of the backing fabric.
B, resin impregnation shrinkage treatment. Before processing, the cotton cloth material is immersed in the resin material, so that the resin fills the gap in the fabric, resists moisture immersion, and controls shrinkage deformation; at the same time, it can also be made flat and wrinkle-free, durable and easy to process. This shrink-proof method has special processing units.
C, horizontal and vertical lines processing. Generally, the shrinkage rate of the vertical stripes (warp direction) of the cotton fabric is higher than that of the horizontal stripes (weft direction), so the material should be carefully planned and pay attention to the cross use of the horizontal and vertical lines of the book shell board, ie, a horizontal cross-paste. This can restrict each other, so that the tension balance, to ensure that the book shell is not warped.
D, after the paste shell processing. After shelling, there should be a level and natural drying process. There are roughly three steps: pressure is applied immediately after the first paste shell; when the second shell is pressed and leveled, the book shell is left to dry up to 80%, and then the book shell is changed from standing to flat (stacked behind the paste). The final natural flattening is done. Hot stamping and other processing can be performed within 10 hours.
E. After avoiding drying and exposure of the book shell made of cotton fabrics, the water proof is over-evaporated to destroy the water that should be reasonably stored in the interior, resulting in the severe deformation of the book shell.
2. Silk cover material
The main ingredient of the silk cover material is silk. As early as over a thousand years ago, China used silk fabric as the main material of the book. The book with a relatively high modern value still uses silk fabric as a cover material to show its elegance and value.
With silk fabrics as cover materials, there are wide selection of colors, beautiful colors, elegant texture, ethnic characteristics, easy adhesion, easy hot stamping and other characteristics, the processed books give people a unique sense of art, welcomed by consumers at home and abroad. Often used as a work of art to decorate, present, and preserve. There are many types of silk fabrics, including silk, satin, spun, silk, silk, enamel, etc. Each of them is divided into many colors, and no less than a thousand species. There are the following main types of books and magazine covers:
1 satin. Satin is a superior material in silk. Satin warp and weft yarn interweaving position is distributed according to certain rules. More warp yarns or weft yarns are exposed on the fabric surface. The varieties are soft satin, brocade, satin, etc., among which are satin and satin. The satin texture is soft, smooth, elastic, and has a wide range of uses. The color of flower satin is generally more than three kinds, such as colorful satin, colorful satin, colorful satin, etc. Its texture is close, thick, elastic, satin body smooth, High artistic value is a superior silk material.
Satin covers are all high-grade books, pictures, certificates, and packaging boxes. Satin crepe paper is very difficult and technically demanding. Not only is the adhesive used reasonable, but also smooth and firm, and it guarantees the verticality of the latitude and longitude lines and the softness behind the crepe, so that the crepe paper is satin-finished The pattern is not skewed.
2 spinning material. Spinning is a cover material in silk fabric that has a crisp texture, a solemn color, a smooth surface and a light bone, a simple and elegant appearance, and easy adhesion and processing. Spinning variety, such as vegetarian spinning, Huafang, Fuchunfang, and so on. Fuchunfang is generally used as a cover for spinning.
Spinning materials should pay attention to the smooth surface of the spinning surface and the verticality of the latitude and longitude lines to ensure that the book shell production and appearance quality.
3 silk material. Silk is a silk fabric made of plain weave or plain weave. In the production of silk fabrics, weaving is followed by dyeing of raw silk; weaving is first called dyed silk; plain weave is not known as plain weaving; plain weave is called floral silk. Its types include tower poplin (such as poplin in cotton), flower silk, double palace silk, thin and very light silk and so on.
Silk texture is soft, quaint and elegant. Hot stamping fine text patterns are clear and clean. They are mainly used for hardcover cover, line cover and book cover, butterfly fittings and sewing strips.
When paper is creped, use a slightly thicker paper because of the thinness and fineness of the paper.
4 material.绢 is a thin, soft silk fabric dominated by jacquard.绢 is often used for high-end line book covers and book letters. Sometimes used for high-grade hardcover covers. Because the weaving method is fine, the texture is thin and soft, and the surface has a jacquard pattern, so we must master the use of adhesives and the selection of the paper thickness when we make paper. The processing must be fine, otherwise it will damage the appearance or cause waste. .
5 materials.绫 is the thinnest and softest fabric in silk and the finest weaving process. The surface of the material is smooth and delicate, like a thin paper. It is most used for vegetarians and also has a dark jacquard form. Most of the materials are used for the bookbinding cover, back cover, back cover, line packing angle materials, scroll loading and unloading, and material and other materials. Unpretentious installations give people an elegant, quaint, artistic feel.
The same quality and high quality requirements are followed by the use of paper. It is not only used as a cover material, but also used as a material for advanced painting and calligraphy. Original and modern calligraphers directly wrote the paintings on silk or silk.
6 cashmere. Velvet, or silk velvet, also known as velvet, is a fabric in which partially or all of the surfaces of a silk fabric have a towering or flattened dense pile. Fluff generally stands about 3mm in height, with a bright and lustrous surface, beautiful and generous appearance, thick and soft texture, and excellent elasticity. Variety is velvet, velvet, gold velvet, Joe cashmere, cashmere and other kinds.
Velvet is mostly used for high-grade hardcover books or luxury covers. It has a gorgeous appearance and has a strong three-dimensional effect after hot stamping.
Silk fabric used as a cover should pay attention to the following methods when processing:
A. Silk material should be shrink-proof before use. Because of the different textures and different weaving methods, the silk fabric materials have different forms of shrinkage, and the average shrinkage rate is generally 6% to 7%. Therefore, a shrink-proof treatment must be performed in advance, and the method is the same as that of the cotton fabric.
B. The silk material has good adhesive properties. Because the surface is tightly woven with silk fibers, there are many pores, and it is easy to penetrate water-soluble adhesives. After pressure, it has better adhesive properties and can be applied to a variety of adhesives. The main composition of silk is protein, not acid and alkali, acid fiber swelling case, the case of alkaline hydrolysis of the protein, silk fiber is destroyed, even if the weak acid and alkali is not suitable. Therefore, the use of acid-alkaline binders should be avoided during processing.
C, silk material hot stamping performance is good. The silk cover is easier to stamp than the cotton cover. Because of its delicate material surface, hot stamping of some fine line patterns (except satin, cashmere), the effect is better than other fabric materials, and resistant to hot temperature up to 165 °C, the general hot stamping temperature of 120 ~ 155 °C. If the cover of the velvet cover is hot, two hot presses are required to achieve the desired effect of hot stamping.
3. Hemp fabric cover material
The hemp fabric cover material is made of hemp plant fiber as a raw material, made into yarn and woven into it. The latitude and longitude lines of the linen fabric are the same, or a prominent surface of the latitude and longitude is woven into a dark lattice, and there are points of coarse lines, middle lines, and fine lines. The cover of the books and periodicals uses hemp fabrics in the coarse and medium lines of the primary color of milk. The linen cover material is simple, dignified, elegant and generous. Mostly used for high-end, large format books, pictures. Its processing method is the same as the cover of cotton and silk.
(II) Coating type cover materials
Coating class cover material. It is a kind of material used to replace the cover materials such as leather, fabrics, etc. by coating various materials on the basis of paper or cloth. There are many types of cover materials for the coating, and the scope of use is very wide. It is the most used material for the cover of the current book. The use of coating materials can save a large amount of animal and plant raw materials, and is easy to process, effective, and inexpensive, and is well received by users. The common types are:
1. Paint coating cover material
Lacquer coating material is a cover material that replaces leather and has been used for decades. There are two kinds of lacquer coating materials, one called lacquer cloth. That is, grass-roots for cloth; a kind called paint paper, that is, grass-roots paper.
The composition of 1 paint coating. The lacquer coating material generally consists of three layers, namely a base layer, a color layer, and a protective layer.
A, grassroots, also called the bottom layer, there are two kinds of cotton and paper. The role is to support the paint layer, fixed paint.
The cloth base layer is generally made of plain weave cloth with more than 21 yarns. The cloth base is required to be fine, soft, smooth and free of impurities and knots.
Paper base, often used above 80g/m2 base paper, paper base
First, cover material types and their use
The cover is also called a cover, a book cover, etc. It is a decorative material wrapped around the book block. There are many types of cover materials, which can be broadly classified into fabrics, leathers, coatings, plastics, and paper. The choice of cover material is based on the grade (grade), content, and publisher's requirements of the book. Grade refers to the value of books, such as reading value, use value, and preservation value; content refers to the ideas expressed in the articles and the times described; publisher requirements refer to the process design proposed by the author, designer, or publisher. Selection plan and so on.
The cover material, especially the hardcover cover material, occupies an important position in the processing of books and periodicals. The selection of materials is related to the appearance of a book. The so-called “sale of a leather goods†can increase the number of books as long as the cover works well. The reader's attraction, otherwise it will affect its position in the market.
(a) fabric cover material
Fabrics cover materials are the earliest and most widely used book binding materials in China, such as roll-loading, back-loading, butterfly-loading, thread-loading, and so on. Silk or cotton fabrics are used as cover materials.
1. Cotton cover material
The main ingredient of cotton fabric cover material is cotton fiber. The moisture absorption of cotton fiber is strong. As the temperature rises, the moisture content decreases. When the temperature exceeds 105°C, the moisture evaporates. The resistance of cotton fiber to acid is very weak, and the contact with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid is prevented, but the alkali resistance is very good. Cotton fabrics have good adhesive properties, and any kind of adhesive can achieve adhesive effect. There are the following main types of cotton for the cover:
1 plain cloth. Plain weave fabric covers are generally fine-grained. The surface of the fine-grained cloth is fine, smooth, soft, and has few knots on the surface. The texture is lighter and thinner than the city cloth (commonly known as the Big Five).
The white in the plain weave can be used as a butterfly patch; the cyan and aqua blue dyed cloth can be used as an ancient thread, a back cover and a letter cover. Plain cloth is used for plain economics, quaint and generous, easy to glue and hot stamp when processing.
2 poplin. The poplin cover material is better than the plain weave cloth and the high grade. The poplin's warp yarns are fine, fine weft yarns, smooth fabrics, smooth feel, silk feel, so called poplin. The poplin is divided into full-line and half-line, and the cover uses half-line poplin.
Hardcover covers are made of poplin, and old-line covers and knuckles are also common. Poplin and plain weave are also easy to stick and hot stamp.
3 velvet cloth. The main cover of flannel fabric is velveteen. Flat velveteen is a double-layered tissue that is divided and raised; if it is treated with mercerizing, it has a silky sheen, so it is called velveteen velveteen.
The characteristics of velveteen: The surface of the cashmere is plump and smooth, with good luster, soft handfeel, elasticity, thick pile, good abrasion resistance, and it is not easy to wrinkle, but it is easy to remove fluff. As long as the cut is finished, no effect is noticed.
The main component of cotton fabric is cotton cellulose. Mature fiber contains about 95% of fiber, a small amount of wax, pectin, chlorine-containing substances, sugar, minerals, etc. Therefore, it has strong hygroscopicity. Its moisture absorption energy changes with temperature and humidity. This forms a shrinking phenomenon of the cotton cloth. The general shrinkage rate is about 4%, with slightly more warp direction and slightly less zonal direction. If the staple processing is not done with shrink-proof processing, there will be quality problems such as uneven warpage of the book case, distortion of the size after cutting the small size, and serious consequences such as pattern distortion. This can be done as follows:
A, anti-shrinkage treatment of soaked paper. The cotton cloth material is wetted (sprayed or immersed) with water in advance, and then dried together with the paper paste to make the cotton cloth shrink in the drying process, and is dried and set. This prevents shrinkage and ensures the smoothness, shape and ease of processing of the backing fabric.
B, resin impregnation shrinkage treatment. Before processing, the cotton cloth material is immersed in the resin material, so that the resin fills the gap in the fabric, resists moisture immersion, and controls shrinkage deformation; at the same time, it can also be made flat and wrinkle-free, durable and easy to process. This shrink-proof method has special processing units.
C, horizontal and vertical lines processing. Generally, the shrinkage rate of the vertical stripes (warp direction) of the cotton fabric is higher than that of the horizontal stripes (weft direction), so the material should be carefully planned and pay attention to the cross use of the horizontal and vertical lines of the book shell board, ie, a horizontal cross-paste. This can restrict each other, so that the tension balance, to ensure that the book shell is not warped.
D, after the paste shell processing. After shelling, there should be a level and natural drying process. There are roughly three steps: pressure is applied immediately after the first paste shell; when the second shell is pressed and leveled, the book shell is left to dry up to 80%, and then the book shell is changed from standing to flat (stacked behind the paste). The final natural flattening is done. Hot stamping and other processing can be performed within 10 hours.
E. After avoiding drying and exposure of the book shell made of cotton fabrics, the water proof is over-evaporated to destroy the water that should be reasonably stored in the interior, resulting in the severe deformation of the book shell.
2. Silk cover material
The main ingredient of the silk cover material is silk. As early as over a thousand years ago, China used silk fabric as the main material of the book. The book with a relatively high modern value still uses silk fabric as a cover material to show its elegance and value.
With silk fabrics as cover materials, there are wide selection of colors, beautiful colors, elegant texture, ethnic characteristics, easy adhesion, easy hot stamping and other characteristics, the processed books give people a unique sense of art, welcomed by consumers at home and abroad. Often used as a work of art to decorate, present, and preserve. There are many types of silk fabrics, including silk, satin, spun, silk, silk, enamel, etc. Each of them is divided into many colors, and no less than a thousand species. There are the following main types of books and magazine covers:
1 satin. Satin is a superior material in silk. Satin warp and weft yarn interweaving position is distributed according to certain rules. More warp yarns or weft yarns are exposed on the fabric surface. The varieties are soft satin, brocade, satin, etc., among which are satin and satin. The satin texture is soft, smooth, elastic, and has a wide range of uses. The color of flower satin is generally more than three kinds, such as colorful satin, colorful satin, colorful satin, etc. Its texture is close, thick, elastic, satin body smooth, High artistic value is a superior silk material.
Satin covers are all high-grade books, pictures, certificates, and packaging boxes. Satin crepe paper is very difficult and technically demanding. Not only is the adhesive used reasonable, but also smooth and firm, and it guarantees the verticality of the latitude and longitude lines and the softness behind the crepe, so that the crepe paper is satin-finished The pattern is not skewed.
2 spinning material. Spinning is a cover material in silk fabric that has a crisp texture, a solemn color, a smooth surface and a light bone, a simple and elegant appearance, and easy adhesion and processing. Spinning variety, such as vegetarian spinning, Huafang, Fuchunfang, and so on. Fuchunfang is generally used as a cover for spinning.
Spinning materials should pay attention to the smooth surface of the spinning surface and the verticality of the latitude and longitude lines to ensure that the book shell production and appearance quality.
3 silk material. Silk is a silk fabric made of plain weave or plain weave. In the production of silk fabrics, weaving is followed by dyeing of raw silk; weaving is first called dyed silk; plain weave is not known as plain weaving; plain weave is called floral silk. Its types include tower poplin (such as poplin in cotton), flower silk, double palace silk, thin and very light silk and so on.
Silk texture is soft, quaint and elegant. Hot stamping fine text patterns are clear and clean. They are mainly used for hardcover cover, line cover and book cover, butterfly fittings and sewing strips.
When paper is creped, use a slightly thicker paper because of the thinness and fineness of the paper.
4 material.绢 is a thin, soft silk fabric dominated by jacquard.绢 is often used for high-end line book covers and book letters. Sometimes used for high-grade hardcover covers. Because the weaving method is fine, the texture is thin and soft, and the surface has a jacquard pattern, so we must master the use of adhesives and the selection of the paper thickness when we make paper. The processing must be fine, otherwise it will damage the appearance or cause waste. .
5 materials.绫 is the thinnest and softest fabric in silk and the finest weaving process. The surface of the material is smooth and delicate, like a thin paper. It is most used for vegetarians and also has a dark jacquard form. Most of the materials are used for the bookbinding cover, back cover, back cover, line packing angle materials, scroll loading and unloading, and material and other materials. Unpretentious installations give people an elegant, quaint, artistic feel.
The same quality and high quality requirements are followed by the use of paper. It is not only used as a cover material, but also used as a material for advanced painting and calligraphy. Original and modern calligraphers directly wrote the paintings on silk or silk.
6 cashmere. Velvet, or silk velvet, also known as velvet, is a fabric in which partially or all of the surfaces of a silk fabric have a towering or flattened dense pile. Fluff generally stands about 3mm in height, with a bright and lustrous surface, beautiful and generous appearance, thick and soft texture, and excellent elasticity. Variety is velvet, velvet, gold velvet, Joe cashmere, cashmere and other kinds.
Velvet is mostly used for high-grade hardcover books or luxury covers. It has a gorgeous appearance and has a strong three-dimensional effect after hot stamping.
Silk fabric used as a cover should pay attention to the following methods when processing:
A. Silk material should be shrink-proof before use. Because of the different textures and different weaving methods, the silk fabric materials have different forms of shrinkage, and the average shrinkage rate is generally 6% to 7%. Therefore, a shrink-proof treatment must be performed in advance, and the method is the same as that of the cotton fabric.
B. The silk material has good adhesive properties. Because the surface is tightly woven with silk fibers, there are many pores, and it is easy to penetrate water-soluble adhesives. After pressure, it has better adhesive properties and can be applied to a variety of adhesives. The main composition of silk is protein, not acid and alkali, acid fiber swelling case, the case of alkaline hydrolysis of the protein, silk fiber is destroyed, even if the weak acid and alkali is not suitable. Therefore, the use of acid-alkaline binders should be avoided during processing.
C, silk material hot stamping performance is good. The silk cover is easier to stamp than the cotton cover. Because of its delicate material surface, hot stamping of some fine line patterns (except satin, cashmere), the effect is better than other fabric materials, and resistant to hot temperature up to 165 °C, the general hot stamping temperature of 120 ~ 155 °C. If the cover of the velvet cover is hot, two hot presses are required to achieve the desired effect of hot stamping.
3. Hemp fabric cover material
The hemp fabric cover material is made of hemp plant fiber as a raw material, made into yarn and woven into it. The latitude and longitude lines of the linen fabric are the same, or a prominent surface of the latitude and longitude is woven into a dark lattice, and there are points of coarse lines, middle lines, and fine lines. The cover of the books and periodicals uses hemp fabrics in the coarse and medium lines of the primary color of milk. The linen cover material is simple, dignified, elegant and generous. Mostly used for high-end, large format books, pictures. Its processing method is the same as the cover of cotton and silk.
(II) Coating type cover materials
Coating class cover material. It is a kind of material used to replace the cover materials such as leather, fabrics, etc. by coating various materials on the basis of paper or cloth. There are many types of cover materials for the coating, and the scope of use is very wide. It is the most used material for the cover of the current book. The use of coating materials can save a large amount of animal and plant raw materials, and is easy to process, effective, and inexpensive, and is well received by users. The common types are:
1. Paint coating cover material
Lacquer coating material is a cover material that replaces leather and has been used for decades. There are two kinds of lacquer coating materials, one called lacquer cloth. That is, grass-roots for cloth; a kind called paint paper, that is, grass-roots paper.
The composition of 1 paint coating. The lacquer coating material generally consists of three layers, namely a base layer, a color layer, and a protective layer.
A, grassroots, also called the bottom layer, there are two kinds of cotton and paper. The role is to support the paint layer, fixed paint.
The cloth base layer is generally made of plain weave cloth with more than 21 yarns. The cloth base is required to be fine, soft, smooth and free of impurities and knots.
Paper base, often used above 80g/m2 base paper, paper base
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