Humanity has entered the new millennium after experiencing the extraordinary 20th century that was full of discovery, creation and development in science and technology. Experts foresee. In the 21st century, with the breakthrough of material science and life science, and the wide application of biotechnology, information and communication technologies, and new material technologies, science and technology will become the leading force in the transformation and development of human society. The fields of high technology are very broad, mainly including information and communications, biology, new materials, advanced manufacturing, aerospace, energy, marine, environmental protection, etc. Cross-cutting, integration, and integration among various fields are increasingly common. This kind of integration and integration gestates new ones. Technological revolution and industrial revolution.
The development of new and high technologies has strongly promoted the development of various traditional industries. The world rubber industry is no exception. Currently, the high-tech fields related to the rubber industry include information and communication technologies, biotechnology, new material technologies, and optical-mechanical and electromechanical integration technologies. Four categories. The advances in the new raw materials, new products, new equipment, and new processes of the rubber industry have benefited from the application of high and new technologies. The use of high and new technology to transform the traditional rubber industry and the development of production technology to high and new technology is to build China into a world leader in the rubber industry. only way.
I. Application of New Material Technology
The new material technology is hailed as "the basis of high technology." All industrialized countries have put new materials technology in a special strategic position. New material types include high-performance structural materials, electronic information materials, medical biomaterials, and nanomaterials. New materials that are closer to the rubber industry are mainly high-performance structures and nanomaterials.
High-performance structural materials refer to materials with special properties such as high strength, high toughness, high temperature resistance, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. In addition, it also includes composite materials, which are compounded by matrix materials (resins, metals, ceramics, etc.) and reinforcing agents (fibrous, whisker-like, granular, etc.), such as thermoplastic resin-based composite materials, Metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and carbon and composite materials.
Nanomaterials generally refer to particles with a particle size of 1-100 nm. They are neither typical microscopic systems nor typical macroscopic systems. They are typical mesoscopic systems. Studies have shown that when the size of the material is less than 100 nm, due to surface effects, quantum size effect, volume effect, and quantum tunneling effect, the material exhibits chemical properties, mechanical properties, electrical properties, magnetic properties and the like that the conventional solid does not have. Optical properties and other specific abilities have caused great attention both at home and abroad. It is said that nanotechnology will trigger a technological revolution in the 21st century.
The raw materials of the rubber industry are divided into three categories, namely, the main material, the skeleton material and the auxiliary material. It can be said that these three materials determine the characteristics and functions of rubber products. The development of the rubber industry basically depends on the development of these three major materials. It is predicted that in the future, the main materials and framework materials for the rubber industry will develop into high-performance structural materials, and rubber chemicals will develop into nano-materials.
1, the main body material
Rubber products began to develop with natural rubber as the main material. Today, the main materials of the so-called rubber products have undergone major changes. In addition to natural rubber and synthetic rubber, the main materials used in the rubber industry are thermoplastic elastomers. Body and liquid rubber. In recent decades, the biggest change in body materials has been the development of thermoplastic elastomers.
Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) is a kind of polymer material between rubber and plastic. It has both the physical and mechanical properties of rubber and the processing performance of plastic. At the same time, the return material and waste products can be reused. Unlike new rubber and plastic polymer materials. Because of its superiority, thermoplastic elastomers have been rapidly developed since the 1950s. Since its production in the 1960s, the average annual growth rate has been as high as 16%, and it has stabilized at 7% since the 1990s. In 1998, the production and sales volume reached 1.14 million tons, reaching 1.7 million tons in 2000, and it is expected to reach more than 2.5 million tons in 2010. It can be said that now thermoplastic elastomers have entered a period of stable development. In stark contrast to the rapid development of thermoplastic elastomers, the development of rubber and plastics has stagnated. At present, the annual growth rate of rubber and plastic is only 1% and 2.4%, which fully demonstrates the development potential of thermoplastic elastomers. At present, thermoplastic elastomers have been developed into more than 10 varieties and have replaced some natural and synthetic rubbers. They are widely used in various rubber products other than tires, such as automotive parts (tubes, belts, pads, plates, etc.), and construction. , footwear, medical products, sealing products, packaging products, wire and cable, daily life products, adhesives and polymer materials modification. Among them, automotive thermoplastic elastomers are bulky, accounting for one-third, followed by construction, medical, and daily life products. However, the biggest disadvantages of thermoplastic elastomers are poor heat resistance and dynamic fatigue, which affects the expansion of their application range. In particular, it has so far been a big pity that tires have not been successfully applied to tires. In spite of this, thermoplastic elastomers have achieved great success in the materials field due to their closeness to rubber properties, convenient processing characteristics and recycling advantages, and their market will develop steadily. At the same time, Yu Lai encountered the rubber industry experts for its temperature resistance, dynamic fatigue resistance and other relatively poor development carried out a lot of development work and made gratifying progress, such as: the application of dynamic vulcanization and metallocene catalyst technology, Bringing thermoplastic elastomers a step toward high performance. It is believed that in the near future, a high-performance thermoplastic elastomer that can completely replace rubber will surely come into existence. At that time, fundamental changes will occur in the main materials and production processes for the rubber industry. At the same time, it will also completely solve the recycling of waste rubber. One of the major challenges in protecting the environment.
Liquid rubber is also a very promising main material to replace rubber. It should be said that liquid rubber is the most fundamental way to revolutionize the rubber industry. It changes the complex solid-phase processing into a simple liquid-phase process, cutting down the bulkiness. The huge processing equipment greatly simplifies the processing technology and enables the integration of materials, molding and vulcanization. Polyurethane rubber attracts attention in liquid rubber. Its output has reached more than 1 million tons. It was mainly used for shoemaking and microporous elastic materials. It was gradually used in tapes, hoses, rubber rollers and other products. In recent years, it has been used in a large number of production. Slow tires such as bicycle tires, solid tires, industrial tires, and agricultural tires. These products are durable and brightly colored and are well received by users. But for high speed tires is still under development.
2, skeleton materials
The rubber skeleton materials mainly include steel wire, nylon, polyester, high-strength rayon, and various short fibers. According to the performance of tires and other rubber products, the performance requirements of the skeleton materials are also getting higher and higher. The development of high strength and high modulus is the direction of future rubber skeleton materials. The aramid fiber that has been used in tires is a very promising skeleton material, which has both the strength of the steel wire and the flexibility of the fiber. In recent years, the sale of radial tires using all-a-wheels as a skeleton material in Western Europe has reduced the weight of tires by about 30%. This has resulted in a drastic drop in the running performance of tires, especially rolling resistance. The use of tires in engineering tires can greatly increase the puncture resistance of tires. Cut-resistant performance, while aramid began to be applied in toothed belts and conveyor belts, improving belt strength and service life. Aramid will be a very promising skeleton material.
United States Letters to the company developed a PEN (poly-p-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid fiber, a polyester fiber) compared with ordinary polyester fiber, the strength increased by 20-25%, high modulus 130%, flex fatigue Rear cord strong retention rate increased 5-10%, high glass transition temperature and melting temperature, good heat resistance.
The POK fiber (polyketone fiber) developed by the British SHEII company is an ultra-high strength, ultra-high modulus fiber with a strength index of 200 (rayon 100, polyester 60, PEN100, aramid 300), modulus index It is 250 (Rayon 00, Polyester 60, PEN 100, Aramid 300), and it has excellent heat resistance, low shrinkage, and no impregnation. According to reports, POK fiber will probably become the most promising tire cord in the 21st century.
In addition, Pirelli of Italy and Bekaert of Belgium are developing a wire/fiber composite cord.
3, rubber additives
Rubber auxiliaries include six categories of vulcanization auxiliaries, protective auxiliaries, reinforcing fillers, adhesion auxiliaries, process operations auxiliaries and special auxiliaries. They are one of the three raw materials for rubber products and are used in rubber products. Consumption accounts for about 50% of rubber. In 2000, China consumed about 1 million tons of rubber additives. Most of rubber additives are powdery, such as carbon black, white carbon, reinforcing fillers, accelerators, and antioxidants. As a powdery substance, an important development trend today is the development of nanomaterials.
In fact, the relationship between nanomaterials and the rubber industry is quite close. Most of the powdered rubber additives are in the range of nanomaterials or close to nanomaterials, such as carbon black 11-500nm and white carbon 11-110nm. The use of nano-materials in the production of rubber products began with the use of carbon black reinforcement at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1940s, nano-silica reinforced rubber was developed and tires were manufactured. At present, the world’s famous tire factories gradually replace them with white carbon black. Carbon black makes green tires and energy-saving tires and is said to have replaced 5-10% of carbon black.
Nano-calcium carbonate was developed in the 1980s and is one of the few nanomaterials to achieve industrialization. Its fine particles (1-100nm), large specific surface area, high whiteness, the surface of the activation treatment, easy combination of rubber, it is filled in the rubber products, can make the product surface smooth, high tensile strength, tear resistance, Bending resistance, crack resistance, not only the product performance than ordinary calcium carbonate greatly increased, but also can increase capacity to reduce costs. The calcium carbonate with a particle size of less than 20 nm has a reinforcing effect comparable to white carbon black. As early as the 20th century, Japan applied the nano-calcium carbonate type Bai Yanhua in the rubber industry in the 1950s. According to the rubber products, it can partially and mostly replace carbon black and white carbon black.
Nano-zinc oxide not only improves the mechanical properties of rubber products, but also saves 30-50% of its consumption compared to ordinary zinc oxide.
In addition, nano-clay, nano-aluminum oxide, nano-titanium dioxide and other applications in the rubber industry have also made some progress. Because a series of specific abilities of nanomaterials are of great use for a wide variety of rubber products, it is of great significance to vigorously promote the application of nanomaterials in the traditional rubber industry.
The development of new and high technologies has strongly promoted the development of various traditional industries. The world rubber industry is no exception. Currently, the high-tech fields related to the rubber industry include information and communication technologies, biotechnology, new material technologies, and optical-mechanical and electromechanical integration technologies. Four categories. The advances in the new raw materials, new products, new equipment, and new processes of the rubber industry have benefited from the application of high and new technologies. The use of high and new technology to transform the traditional rubber industry and the development of production technology to high and new technology is to build China into a world leader in the rubber industry. only way.
I. Application of New Material Technology
The new material technology is hailed as "the basis of high technology." All industrialized countries have put new materials technology in a special strategic position. New material types include high-performance structural materials, electronic information materials, medical biomaterials, and nanomaterials. New materials that are closer to the rubber industry are mainly high-performance structures and nanomaterials.
High-performance structural materials refer to materials with special properties such as high strength, high toughness, high temperature resistance, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. In addition, it also includes composite materials, which are compounded by matrix materials (resins, metals, ceramics, etc.) and reinforcing agents (fibrous, whisker-like, granular, etc.), such as thermoplastic resin-based composite materials, Metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and carbon and composite materials.
Nanomaterials generally refer to particles with a particle size of 1-100 nm. They are neither typical microscopic systems nor typical macroscopic systems. They are typical mesoscopic systems. Studies have shown that when the size of the material is less than 100 nm, due to surface effects, quantum size effect, volume effect, and quantum tunneling effect, the material exhibits chemical properties, mechanical properties, electrical properties, magnetic properties and the like that the conventional solid does not have. Optical properties and other specific abilities have caused great attention both at home and abroad. It is said that nanotechnology will trigger a technological revolution in the 21st century.
The raw materials of the rubber industry are divided into three categories, namely, the main material, the skeleton material and the auxiliary material. It can be said that these three materials determine the characteristics and functions of rubber products. The development of the rubber industry basically depends on the development of these three major materials. It is predicted that in the future, the main materials and framework materials for the rubber industry will develop into high-performance structural materials, and rubber chemicals will develop into nano-materials.
1, the main body material
Rubber products began to develop with natural rubber as the main material. Today, the main materials of the so-called rubber products have undergone major changes. In addition to natural rubber and synthetic rubber, the main materials used in the rubber industry are thermoplastic elastomers. Body and liquid rubber. In recent decades, the biggest change in body materials has been the development of thermoplastic elastomers.
Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) is a kind of polymer material between rubber and plastic. It has both the physical and mechanical properties of rubber and the processing performance of plastic. At the same time, the return material and waste products can be reused. Unlike new rubber and plastic polymer materials. Because of its superiority, thermoplastic elastomers have been rapidly developed since the 1950s. Since its production in the 1960s, the average annual growth rate has been as high as 16%, and it has stabilized at 7% since the 1990s. In 1998, the production and sales volume reached 1.14 million tons, reaching 1.7 million tons in 2000, and it is expected to reach more than 2.5 million tons in 2010. It can be said that now thermoplastic elastomers have entered a period of stable development. In stark contrast to the rapid development of thermoplastic elastomers, the development of rubber and plastics has stagnated. At present, the annual growth rate of rubber and plastic is only 1% and 2.4%, which fully demonstrates the development potential of thermoplastic elastomers. At present, thermoplastic elastomers have been developed into more than 10 varieties and have replaced some natural and synthetic rubbers. They are widely used in various rubber products other than tires, such as automotive parts (tubes, belts, pads, plates, etc.), and construction. , footwear, medical products, sealing products, packaging products, wire and cable, daily life products, adhesives and polymer materials modification. Among them, automotive thermoplastic elastomers are bulky, accounting for one-third, followed by construction, medical, and daily life products. However, the biggest disadvantages of thermoplastic elastomers are poor heat resistance and dynamic fatigue, which affects the expansion of their application range. In particular, it has so far been a big pity that tires have not been successfully applied to tires. In spite of this, thermoplastic elastomers have achieved great success in the materials field due to their closeness to rubber properties, convenient processing characteristics and recycling advantages, and their market will develop steadily. At the same time, Yu Lai encountered the rubber industry experts for its temperature resistance, dynamic fatigue resistance and other relatively poor development carried out a lot of development work and made gratifying progress, such as: the application of dynamic vulcanization and metallocene catalyst technology, Bringing thermoplastic elastomers a step toward high performance. It is believed that in the near future, a high-performance thermoplastic elastomer that can completely replace rubber will surely come into existence. At that time, fundamental changes will occur in the main materials and production processes for the rubber industry. At the same time, it will also completely solve the recycling of waste rubber. One of the major challenges in protecting the environment.
Liquid rubber is also a very promising main material to replace rubber. It should be said that liquid rubber is the most fundamental way to revolutionize the rubber industry. It changes the complex solid-phase processing into a simple liquid-phase process, cutting down the bulkiness. The huge processing equipment greatly simplifies the processing technology and enables the integration of materials, molding and vulcanization. Polyurethane rubber attracts attention in liquid rubber. Its output has reached more than 1 million tons. It was mainly used for shoemaking and microporous elastic materials. It was gradually used in tapes, hoses, rubber rollers and other products. In recent years, it has been used in a large number of production. Slow tires such as bicycle tires, solid tires, industrial tires, and agricultural tires. These products are durable and brightly colored and are well received by users. But for high speed tires is still under development.
2, skeleton materials
The rubber skeleton materials mainly include steel wire, nylon, polyester, high-strength rayon, and various short fibers. According to the performance of tires and other rubber products, the performance requirements of the skeleton materials are also getting higher and higher. The development of high strength and high modulus is the direction of future rubber skeleton materials. The aramid fiber that has been used in tires is a very promising skeleton material, which has both the strength of the steel wire and the flexibility of the fiber. In recent years, the sale of radial tires using all-a-wheels as a skeleton material in Western Europe has reduced the weight of tires by about 30%. This has resulted in a drastic drop in the running performance of tires, especially rolling resistance. The use of tires in engineering tires can greatly increase the puncture resistance of tires. Cut-resistant performance, while aramid began to be applied in toothed belts and conveyor belts, improving belt strength and service life. Aramid will be a very promising skeleton material.
United States Letters to the company developed a PEN (poly-p-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid fiber, a polyester fiber) compared with ordinary polyester fiber, the strength increased by 20-25%, high modulus 130%, flex fatigue Rear cord strong retention rate increased 5-10%, high glass transition temperature and melting temperature, good heat resistance.
The POK fiber (polyketone fiber) developed by the British SHEII company is an ultra-high strength, ultra-high modulus fiber with a strength index of 200 (rayon 100, polyester 60, PEN100, aramid 300), modulus index It is 250 (Rayon 00, Polyester 60, PEN 100, Aramid 300), and it has excellent heat resistance, low shrinkage, and no impregnation. According to reports, POK fiber will probably become the most promising tire cord in the 21st century.
In addition, Pirelli of Italy and Bekaert of Belgium are developing a wire/fiber composite cord.
3, rubber additives
Rubber auxiliaries include six categories of vulcanization auxiliaries, protective auxiliaries, reinforcing fillers, adhesion auxiliaries, process operations auxiliaries and special auxiliaries. They are one of the three raw materials for rubber products and are used in rubber products. Consumption accounts for about 50% of rubber. In 2000, China consumed about 1 million tons of rubber additives. Most of rubber additives are powdery, such as carbon black, white carbon, reinforcing fillers, accelerators, and antioxidants. As a powdery substance, an important development trend today is the development of nanomaterials.
In fact, the relationship between nanomaterials and the rubber industry is quite close. Most of the powdered rubber additives are in the range of nanomaterials or close to nanomaterials, such as carbon black 11-500nm and white carbon 11-110nm. The use of nano-materials in the production of rubber products began with the use of carbon black reinforcement at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1940s, nano-silica reinforced rubber was developed and tires were manufactured. At present, the world’s famous tire factories gradually replace them with white carbon black. Carbon black makes green tires and energy-saving tires and is said to have replaced 5-10% of carbon black.
Nano-calcium carbonate was developed in the 1980s and is one of the few nanomaterials to achieve industrialization. Its fine particles (1-100nm), large specific surface area, high whiteness, the surface of the activation treatment, easy combination of rubber, it is filled in the rubber products, can make the product surface smooth, high tensile strength, tear resistance, Bending resistance, crack resistance, not only the product performance than ordinary calcium carbonate greatly increased, but also can increase capacity to reduce costs. The calcium carbonate with a particle size of less than 20 nm has a reinforcing effect comparable to white carbon black. As early as the 20th century, Japan applied the nano-calcium carbonate type Bai Yanhua in the rubber industry in the 1950s. According to the rubber products, it can partially and mostly replace carbon black and white carbon black.
Nano-zinc oxide not only improves the mechanical properties of rubber products, but also saves 30-50% of its consumption compared to ordinary zinc oxide.
In addition, nano-clay, nano-aluminum oxide, nano-titanium dioxide and other applications in the rubber industry have also made some progress. Because a series of specific abilities of nanomaterials are of great use for a wide variety of rubber products, it is of great significance to vigorously promote the application of nanomaterials in the traditional rubber industry.
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