--- Compiled from (USA) Journalism Magazine 2000 issue 13
According to statistics, there are approximately one million avalanches in the world each year. The avalanche is like a white dragon that has been out of the sky. It has been coming from the sky and is coming under attack. It is unpredictable. It often causes extreme damage to skiers.
Racing with the White Death March 21, 1999, Sunday, United States Alaska Anchorage south of Anchorage Pass, Ray, Brian and Vic are launching engines with dozens of other motorcyclists, running under blue sky and white clouds. And enjoy the beautiful weather. At that time, none of them thought that Doom was coming quietly. Occasionally, Vick noticed a small avalanche on the side of the hill, so he asked if he would go by. At that time everyone thought - wow, it was cool, it must be fun.
Several people, such as Vick, Brian, and Ray, rushed to the slopes at the same time by riding a snowmobile. Suddenly, a large piece of snow, which was as wide as 2 kilometers, fell loose above them and the avalanche began. The topmost snowmobile was immediately devoured by the rapidly falling snow. Ray, Brian, and Vick raced to death one kilometer below, and the huge snow curtain rushed directly to them behind them at a speed of 240 kilometers per hour. Catch up.
At that time, Ray felt that his back was hit by a block of snow. The huge thrust pushed him and the snowmobile down the slope. When he looked back, he found that the screen was quickly surrounding Victor and buried him. Then he disappeared. Afterwards, it was confirmed that Vick and five other snowmobile riders were killed in this serious avalanche.
Death traps in snowflake structure Anchorage, Alaska, United States is a zone prone to avalanches. It looks like a fluttering snowflake, but it will become a terrible death trap at any time. The Eskimo Moors once said that there are hundreds of kinds of snow, and the structure of falling snow will affect the accumulation of snow and determine the degree of stability between the snow layers.
The snowfall on the slopes has been in flux. Initially, the sky was snowing down to form a layer of snow. These snow layers constantly changed in the winter, some hardened, some softened, and the two continued to circulate. The new snow pressed on it rapidly condenses and is therefore denser and heavier than the underlying snow layer. The snow that covers the whole hillside is not stable and it easily collapses, causing an avalanche. Snow falls on the ground, and gravity forces the snowflake into a tight crystal that connects to each other, even on a hillside.
According to this principle, the degree of avalanche risk can be judged from the perspective of the hillside. On slopes that are gentle and not more than 30 degrees, gravity will hold the snow and it is unlikely that an avalanche will occur. On a steep, over 60-degree hillside, snow has not slumped and has slipped, making it difficult to form an avalanche.
However, the snowfall on the 50-degree hillside is between the two, with a certain amount of gravity and no steepness until the snow can fall. Each piece of snow accumulates and condenses, which can only maintain balance for millions of tons of snow. As the temperature changes, some snow layers soften into granular “sugar snow.†At this point, any ringing may trigger an avalanche. Once the snow is loose, "snow and sugar" will roll like countless steel beads, roll bigger, roll faster, and eventually accelerate the sliding snow blocks to 240 km/h.
The throat of the Baltic Highway, which holds onto the white dragon, is the only road leading to the outside world in Anchorage, Alaska, and is also an avalanche corridor. On the highway side is the rolling hills of dense Piedmont. In the cold season, avalanches can easily occur.
In order to maintain the safety of people and vehicles on the road, avalanche combatants shot high-explosive munitions at the source of the avalanche, causing small avalanches. During an avalanche-induced operation, a few kilometers of road must be blocked, because even a small avalanche can allow the car to fly out of the hundreds of meters.
What's surprising is that the avalanche can cause huge damage, not because it's a ton of snow, but avalanche, which is the high-speed blast with snow flakes in the avalanche. It can throw a car parked on the side of the road to a poplar tree, uproot the trees on the hillside, or destroy the building on the hillside.
People who say "no" to white dragons do not expect to stay long in Alaska's white dragon's den, but there are people who do not believe in evil.
The small aircraft pilot Ken was one of the first people to live in the Eagle River area. This steep valley has become the suburb of Anchorage. His home was built on a hillside with no communications or roads, and usually used small aircraft as a means of transportation. On one occasion, Ken on the return trip decided to go around the Eagle River Valley to see his family. As a result, he went back and forth five or six times to know that he was not around the wrong place, but that his house was gone. It was rushed to 135 meters below the mountain, leaving less than a quarter of the roof exposed, but fortunately Ken's family was not at home.
Although it is full of danger, people are still attracted to the beauty of the Eagle River Valley and relocate to live here. Because this view is open and the scenery is absolutely beautiful, people buy these houses for the mountain view. Although the beauty is because there is no tree cover, and there is no tree because the avalanche leveled everything, and the Eagle River Valley itself has 25 active avalanche belts, their homes are in danger of being destroyed at any time, but the brave people still choose to settle here. .
The "unexpected" played out
Today's people have been able to take some effective measures to prevent avalanches. Why do so many people die from avalanches every year? From the statistical data, we have discovered the amazing reality that 95% of avalanches are caused by the victims themselves, and avalanches are largely caused by humans. In North America, snowmobiles are the most common artificial nuisance. Since 1991, the number of snowmobile riders killed in an avalanche has increased along with the increase in snowmobiles.
The steep avalanche belt has a fatal attraction for the snowmobile rider. They like to play a dangerous game called "level" to see who can climb to the top of the hill. Snowmobiles driving over hillside will change the balance of the snow on the hillside, causing the snowpack to slip, so when they do it, they are gambling. When you are lucky, you can be safe and unlucky. When you are bad luck, it is easy to get an accident.
Self-rescue measures armed to teeth
During the avalanche, a large amount of snow rolls down. The victim is usually buried in the wet mud, and although the falling snow has 40% - 60% of the air, the gas exhaled by the victim will quickly freeze. Condensed into a mask of death and suffocated. With this in mind, Tom Crawley, a ski enthusiast in Denver, United States, developed the idea of ​​making an avalanche vest: Through the pipe and mouthpiece at the collar, snow-covered skiers can get from the snow layer around them. The air is sucked in and the carbon dioxide is exhaled through the exhaust port on the back of the vest so that the exhaust gases that do not accumulate around the face of the trapped person cause suffocation. It can keep trapped people for about 70 minutes, which greatly increases their chances of being rescued.
Another invention is an avalanche beacon, which emits a radio signal and is received by other beacons. When the victim is buried in the snow after the avalanche occurs, a signal from the avalanche beacon can effectively narrow down the search area and make it available for rescue. The success rate has greatly increased.
According to statistics, there are approximately one million avalanches in the world each year. The avalanche is like a white dragon that has been out of the sky. It has been coming from the sky and is coming under attack. It is unpredictable. It often causes extreme damage to skiers.
Racing with the White Death March 21, 1999, Sunday, United States Alaska Anchorage south of Anchorage Pass, Ray, Brian and Vic are launching engines with dozens of other motorcyclists, running under blue sky and white clouds. And enjoy the beautiful weather. At that time, none of them thought that Doom was coming quietly. Occasionally, Vick noticed a small avalanche on the side of the hill, so he asked if he would go by. At that time everyone thought - wow, it was cool, it must be fun.
Several people, such as Vick, Brian, and Ray, rushed to the slopes at the same time by riding a snowmobile. Suddenly, a large piece of snow, which was as wide as 2 kilometers, fell loose above them and the avalanche began. The topmost snowmobile was immediately devoured by the rapidly falling snow. Ray, Brian, and Vick raced to death one kilometer below, and the huge snow curtain rushed directly to them behind them at a speed of 240 kilometers per hour. Catch up.
At that time, Ray felt that his back was hit by a block of snow. The huge thrust pushed him and the snowmobile down the slope. When he looked back, he found that the screen was quickly surrounding Victor and buried him. Then he disappeared. Afterwards, it was confirmed that Vick and five other snowmobile riders were killed in this serious avalanche.
Death traps in snowflake structure Anchorage, Alaska, United States is a zone prone to avalanches. It looks like a fluttering snowflake, but it will become a terrible death trap at any time. The Eskimo Moors once said that there are hundreds of kinds of snow, and the structure of falling snow will affect the accumulation of snow and determine the degree of stability between the snow layers.
The snowfall on the slopes has been in flux. Initially, the sky was snowing down to form a layer of snow. These snow layers constantly changed in the winter, some hardened, some softened, and the two continued to circulate. The new snow pressed on it rapidly condenses and is therefore denser and heavier than the underlying snow layer. The snow that covers the whole hillside is not stable and it easily collapses, causing an avalanche. Snow falls on the ground, and gravity forces the snowflake into a tight crystal that connects to each other, even on a hillside.
According to this principle, the degree of avalanche risk can be judged from the perspective of the hillside. On slopes that are gentle and not more than 30 degrees, gravity will hold the snow and it is unlikely that an avalanche will occur. On a steep, over 60-degree hillside, snow has not slumped and has slipped, making it difficult to form an avalanche.
However, the snowfall on the 50-degree hillside is between the two, with a certain amount of gravity and no steepness until the snow can fall. Each piece of snow accumulates and condenses, which can only maintain balance for millions of tons of snow. As the temperature changes, some snow layers soften into granular “sugar snow.†At this point, any ringing may trigger an avalanche. Once the snow is loose, "snow and sugar" will roll like countless steel beads, roll bigger, roll faster, and eventually accelerate the sliding snow blocks to 240 km/h.
The throat of the Baltic Highway, which holds onto the white dragon, is the only road leading to the outside world in Anchorage, Alaska, and is also an avalanche corridor. On the highway side is the rolling hills of dense Piedmont. In the cold season, avalanches can easily occur.
In order to maintain the safety of people and vehicles on the road, avalanche combatants shot high-explosive munitions at the source of the avalanche, causing small avalanches. During an avalanche-induced operation, a few kilometers of road must be blocked, because even a small avalanche can allow the car to fly out of the hundreds of meters.
What's surprising is that the avalanche can cause huge damage, not because it's a ton of snow, but avalanche, which is the high-speed blast with snow flakes in the avalanche. It can throw a car parked on the side of the road to a poplar tree, uproot the trees on the hillside, or destroy the building on the hillside.
People who say "no" to white dragons do not expect to stay long in Alaska's white dragon's den, but there are people who do not believe in evil.
The small aircraft pilot Ken was one of the first people to live in the Eagle River area. This steep valley has become the suburb of Anchorage. His home was built on a hillside with no communications or roads, and usually used small aircraft as a means of transportation. On one occasion, Ken on the return trip decided to go around the Eagle River Valley to see his family. As a result, he went back and forth five or six times to know that he was not around the wrong place, but that his house was gone. It was rushed to 135 meters below the mountain, leaving less than a quarter of the roof exposed, but fortunately Ken's family was not at home.
Although it is full of danger, people are still attracted to the beauty of the Eagle River Valley and relocate to live here. Because this view is open and the scenery is absolutely beautiful, people buy these houses for the mountain view. Although the beauty is because there is no tree cover, and there is no tree because the avalanche leveled everything, and the Eagle River Valley itself has 25 active avalanche belts, their homes are in danger of being destroyed at any time, but the brave people still choose to settle here. .
The "unexpected" played out
Today's people have been able to take some effective measures to prevent avalanches. Why do so many people die from avalanches every year? From the statistical data, we have discovered the amazing reality that 95% of avalanches are caused by the victims themselves, and avalanches are largely caused by humans. In North America, snowmobiles are the most common artificial nuisance. Since 1991, the number of snowmobile riders killed in an avalanche has increased along with the increase in snowmobiles.
The steep avalanche belt has a fatal attraction for the snowmobile rider. They like to play a dangerous game called "level" to see who can climb to the top of the hill. Snowmobiles driving over hillside will change the balance of the snow on the hillside, causing the snowpack to slip, so when they do it, they are gambling. When you are lucky, you can be safe and unlucky. When you are bad luck, it is easy to get an accident.
Self-rescue measures armed to teeth
During the avalanche, a large amount of snow rolls down. The victim is usually buried in the wet mud, and although the falling snow has 40% - 60% of the air, the gas exhaled by the victim will quickly freeze. Condensed into a mask of death and suffocated. With this in mind, Tom Crawley, a ski enthusiast in Denver, United States, developed the idea of ​​making an avalanche vest: Through the pipe and mouthpiece at the collar, snow-covered skiers can get from the snow layer around them. The air is sucked in and the carbon dioxide is exhaled through the exhaust port on the back of the vest so that the exhaust gases that do not accumulate around the face of the trapped person cause suffocation. It can keep trapped people for about 70 minutes, which greatly increases their chances of being rescued.
Another invention is an avalanche beacon, which emits a radio signal and is received by other beacons. When the victim is buried in the snow after the avalanche occurs, a signal from the avalanche beacon can effectively narrow down the search area and make it available for rescue. The success rate has greatly increased.
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