Ancient Chinese calligraphy and paintings

In order to protect those calligraphy and painting works with high artistic value, historical value and scientific value, the cultural relics department often organizes professionals to engage in the work of copying paintings and calligraphy. Copying of paintings and calligraphy works mainly includes: artificial copying, photocopying, and wood printing. Watermarking methods and the Feiluo version method, compared with several copying techniques, the Feiluo copying method has obvious superiority in copying requirements and copying techniques.

The Feilu copying method, also known as the Feiluo printing, also known as glass printing, is a type of photolithographic process. In 1852, the British scientist Talbot discovered that the surface of the chromate-treated gelatin film will be exposed. Hardening occurs. From 1867 to 1871, photographer Albert of Germany, based on this principle, used a glass plate base for actual printing, thus inventing the printing of the hologram.

The printing of the Milo has undergone the development of monochromatic production, dual-color overprinting, multi-color overprinting and multi-color contact printing. As people continue to improve, this traditional printing technology becomes more and more scientific. It combines with modern technology and equipment to perform computer scanning and production. The electronic color separation system automatically separates color. Its copying efficiency and copy quality are greatly improved and shortened. The copy cycle satisfies the wishes of the vast number of painting and calligraphy lovers, and at the same time, it has strengthened the dissemination of precious paintings and calligraphy.

The shanghai version of the copy of the modern painting process includes:

Photo - plate - revision - printing

1. Photography: The purpose of photography is to obtain a copy of the film. Take a 4-plate camera and use a color filter to take a picture with large films such as originals. For the original is particularly precious, can not leave the collection of places and conditions (such as ancient murals) first film reversal, the use of electronic color separation to make a film that meets the printing requirements.

2. Plate-making: Pyramid plate-making is the application of a layer of bone glue and dichromate prepared on the frosted glass. After drying, it is applied on the film with a negative picture and then exposed for a short time. , After washing, drying, see the light partially hardening and constitute images. Unlike the offset copying technology, the image of the Koro version is not represented by dots of different sizes, but is expressed by the fineness of fine wrinkles after hardening of the film. The degree of hardening of the film is proportional to the intensity of the light, and the swelling degree of the film after wetting is inversely proportional to the degree of swelling of the film. Therefore, the layout forms irregular fine wrinkles corresponding to the film. The amount of ink sucked is proportional to the degree of light sensitivity. Therefore, printed matter that is printed on paper to form a rich layer of light and darkness can be printed not only on rice paper but also on silk and silk. Satisfy the unique requirements of Chinese painting and calligraphy works.

In the process of plate making, when the film is dried, the temperature control determines the change of the fine wrinkles of the plate adhesive film. The wrinkles formed when the temperature is too high or too low are rough and cannot be printed. By experimental comparison, when the temperature is controlled at 65 °C, the film wrinkle is the most delicate.

3, revised version: Because the temperature is difficult to control accurately. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the softness of the film after the plate making. Mainly used glycerin, citric acid, formalin, ammonia and so on.

4, multi-color version overprint: from the original rules to overprint cross-overprint. The specific approach is: during the filming of the film, four or five positions of the crosshair symbol are fixed on the four sides of the film for printing and positioning. After the first edition of Xuan Paper, the crosshairs are dug and the position on the back of the printing paper is the same. Crosshair symbol, when printing a second color, align the crosshair symbol on the paper with the crosshair on the layout. Each time the crosshairs are used as a reference, the color of the printed image can be consistent. Cross stitch printing can also be found in the shrinking paper. The main feature of Xuan paper is that it absorbs water and absorbs ink. At the same time, it easily causes the resilience of the paper to change due to shrinkage. It is difficult to keep the image consistent for many multi-color printing. This requires cross-overprinting before printing. The paper is in a swelled state and the wet paper and the oven are used to dry and wet rice paper. There is no restriction on the copy layout of the multi-color platen overprinting, and the whole picture will not leave traces of the splicing after printing.

In addition to the copy method of the Jurassic version, ancient paintings and calligraphy can also use other methods of copying. Such as: artificial copying method, woodblock watermarking, photocopying, offset copying and so on.

The artificial copying method is characterized by a high degree of simulation, but the artistic requirements are high. It must be copied by professionals with higher artistic accomplishments, and the efficiency is low. The characteristics of the woodblock watermarking method are the same, the process is complex, and the efficiency is low. Offset copying and photocopying are only suitable for copying work that is easy to book and requires less simulation, and its feature is high efficiency. The copying methods of various paintings and paintings have different scopes of use. Each of them has its own merits. Compared with other methods, the copying method of the Feiluo Edition is more practical. The simulation of this technique is relatively high. It is suitable for paintings and paintings with many brush strokes and rich ink levels. And the efficiency is much higher than that of woodblock watermarks and artificial copying. At the same time, it is also suitable for the printing and copying work of various materials.

In recent years, Miluo’s version of ancient Chinese painting and calligraphy works have been used more frequently to demonstrate its advantages. For example, copying of the murals of the Shanxi Yongle Palace in the Yuan Dynasty, the Xuan paper line of the cultural relics publishing house, and the collections and paintings of the museums of the Forbidden City, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Liaoning all used this technique.

With the rapid development of science and technology, the printing of the Jurassic Edition will continue to improve, and it will play a greater role in inheriting and promoting the civilization of Chinese painting and calligraphy and expanding the scope of circulation.

Author: Su Peng Source: Nanjing Museum